The Federal Air Marshal Service ( FAMS ) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the supervision of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). "The Air Marshal Service is intended to increase confidence in civil aviation by effectively deploying federal air forces (FAMs) to detect, obstruct, and defeat hostile actions targeting the United States."
Due to the nature of their work, federal air swamps (FAMs) often travel. They also have to practice to become highly skilled shooters. Since the 1990s, airborne marsals are considered to have the highest firefight qualification standards of all US federal law enforcement agencies. FAM's job is to blend in with other passengers on airplanes and rely heavily on their training, including investigative techniques, the introduction of criminal terrorist behavior, firearm skills, plane specific tactics, and strict self-defense measures to protect the flying public. "
Video Federal Air Marshal Service
Histori
Initially, President John F. Kennedy ordered in 1961 that federal law enforcement officers were deployed to act as security officers on certain high-risk flights. The Federal Air Marshal Service began on 2 March 1962 as the FAA (FAA) FAA Peace Officer Program. On this date, the first 18 volunteers from the FAA Flight Standards Division passed the training. They received training from the US Border Patrol in Port Isabel, TX. They then undergo repeated annual training in Brownsville, Texas. These early FAA Peace Officers were named by the FAA Administrator Najeeb Halaby. Later, it became an integral part of the FAA's Civil Aviation Security Division. In early 1963, after an article in FAA Horizons Magazine, the FAA Officers were referred to as Sky Marshals internally within the FAA, although the term would not be used by the media for nearly a decade. Years after its inception, personnel were given firearms and some close range combat training at the FBI Academy located at the US Marine Corps training ground in Quantico, VA.
In October 1969, due to the increasing violence of hijacked aircraft in the Middle East, the Marshall Service of the US embarked on the Marshal's Division at the Miami Field Office. The program is run by John Brophy and staff with several deputies. Since most piracy occurred in Florida in the late 1960s, the US Marshall Service started their program to try and combat air piracy provided by their vast jurisdiction.
The program "Sky Marshal" in the 1970s then became a joint effort between the US Customs Service (now Customs and Border Protection) and FAA and led by General Benjamin O. Davis Jr., former Tuskegee Airman. On September 11, 1970, in response to the increasing action of air piracy by Islamic radicals, President Richard Nixon ordered the immediate deployment of armed federal agents on American commercial aircraft. Initially, the personnel deployed were federal agents from the US Treasury. Subsequently, the US Customs Service established the Airborne Security Division, and established the position of the Customs Officer (CSO). Approximately 1,700 personnel were hired for this position and trained at the Financial Security Supervisory (TASOS) training complex at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Customs security officers are deployed on US-flagged commercial aircraft, flying on domestic and international routes in an undercover capacity in teams of two and three people. Customs security officers also handle ground security checks on selected flights at US domestic airports.
After mandatory passenger screening endorsed by the FAA at US airports beginning in 1973, customs security forces were disbanded and personnel absorbed by the US Customs Service. In 1974 the marshal of the armed sky was scarcity on US aircraft. The former customs security officers are reassigned as customs patrol officers, customs inspectors, and customs agents.
A small force Federal Air Marshals maintained at the FAA starting in 1974. Personnel trained under the program is limited to 10-12 people. For several years after the demolition of the customs security officers, the FAA airflowers rarely flew missions.
In 1985, President Ronald Reagan requested the expansion of the program and Congress passed the International Security and Development Cooperation Act, which expanded the law supporting the Federal Air Marshal Service. Contrary to the impression given in TSA's "Our Mission" statement, the FAM program began in response to domestic hijacking and FAM operational flight almost exclusively conducted on US domestic flights until 1985. After the hijacking of Flight 847 TWA in 1985 and the enactment of the Cooperation Act Security and International Development, the number of FAMs is enhanced and their focus becomes US international air transport operations. Due to the resistance of some countries for example, the United Kingdom and Federal Republic of Germany to have individuals carrying firearms entering their country, the scope of international flights originally started. Resistance to the entrance of armed personnel to their country is overcome through negotiations and agreements on terms and handling of weapons when they are taken in the country. Therefore, FAM can operate worldwide in carrying out its mission to protect US flights from piracy.
The air marshal was initially designated as a US Customs security officer assigned on the orders of President Kennedy on a required basis, and then specially trained FAA personnel. Also contrary to the impression of TSA's "Our Mission" statement, customs officers were phased out in 1974. Many of them were transferred to the FAA's Civil Aviation Safety Division to serve as aviation security inspectors and also in the FAM program of volunteers directed by the Aviation Security Division FAA Civil (later renamed to Civil Aviation Security Office ). The program subsequently became non-voluntary, compulsory of all FAA Inspectors, breeding other issues within the FAA Civil Aviation Security Office. In 1992, Retired Major General Orlo Steele, then Associate Administrator for Civil Aviation Security, hired Greg McLaughlin as Director of the Federal Air Marshal Program. McLaughlin was hired as an air marshal after the TWA 847 hijacking and worked in Frankfurt, Germany, investigating the Pan Am bombing 103. McLaughlin turned the Air Marshal Program into a fully voluntary program. The voluntary nature of the program and the efforts by McLaughlin and Steele transformed the small power of Federal Air Marshals into being highly capable. From 1992 to right after the 9/11 attacks, air marshals have one of the heaviest qualifying firearms standards in the world. A study from the Joint Operations Command (JSOC) then came out with a secret report during this time period, placing the Federal Air Marshals among the top 1% of combat shooters in the world. This is no longer due to skills change and training.
Prior to the September 11, 2001, attacks, the Federal Air Marshal Service comprised a number of FAMs that varied depending on government funding. Although 50 positions are endorsed by Congress, only 33 FAM are active on 09/11/01. As a result of the 9/11 attacks, President George W. Bush ordered the rapid expansion of the Federal Air Marshal Service. Many new employees are agents of other federal agencies, such as the US Border Patrol, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), DEA, NPS, FBI, ATF, INS, US Housing and Urban Development Office Inspector General (OIG), US Post Inspection Service (USPIS), IRS CID, and more. Immediately after the attacks on 9/11, then-Director McLaughlin was assigned to hire and train 600 air marshals in a month, an impressive feat that has not been repeated by government agencies. A number of classified applicants are then hired, trained, and deployed on flights around the world. Until August 2013, this number is estimated at about 4,000. Currently, the FAM serves as the premier law enforcement entity in the Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
On October 16, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff agreed to the removal of Air Marshal Services from US Immigration & Enforcement of Customs (ICE) to TSA as part of a broader departmental reorganization to align functions consistent with the findings of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) "Phase Two Review" for the following:
- consolidate and strengthen law enforcement and aviation security at the Federal level;
- creates a common approach for stakeholder outreach; and
- improve the coordination and efficiency of aviation security operations.
As part of this rearrangement, the director of the Federal Air Services Marshal also serves as an assistant administrator for the TSA's Office of Law Enforcement (OLE), which houses almost all TSA enforcement services.
In March 2014, Director Robert Bray announced six of the twenty-six service offices would close by the end of 2016. Bray attributed the cuts to a reduction in operating budgets from $ 966 million to $ 805 million and the Transportation Security Administration said no positions would be eliminated.
Maps Federal Air Marshal Service
Secure other modes of transport
Since July 2004, TSA has provided additional personnel, including federal air marshals, to assist the mass transit system during major events, holidays, and anniversaries of previous attacks. These TSA personnel are used as a Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response Team (VIPR team), which aims to provide random, unreleased, unexpected, and high attendance in a mass transit or passenger train environment. The level of demand for a relief transit system depends on the local political and security environment of the transit system. Beginning in July 2007, TSA significantly increased the number and frequency of VIPR deployment, from an average of one workout per month to one or two exercises per week.
There was a problem with Federal Air Marshals and the initial VIPR deployment. TSA field officials said the initial exercise puts their safety at risk. TSA requires Federal Air Marshals to wear raid jackets or shirts that identify them as air marshals, potentially jeopardizing their anonymity. In response to these concerns, TSA changed its policy; Federal Air Marshals are now attending VIPR exercises in civilian attire or jackets that only identify them as DHS officials. Some transit security officials report that Federal Air Marshals are unfamiliar with local laws, local police procedures, the various behaviors encountered on public transport, and the parameters of their authority as federal law enforcement officers. In 2011 Amtrak forbade temporary VIPR teams from its properties after a screening in Savannah, Georgia, which Amtrak police chief John O'Conner called illegal and Amtrak policy violations.
Organization
- TSA's Office of Law Enforcement Assistant (OLE)/FAMS Director: Roderick Allison
- Deputy Assistant Administrator of TSA's Office of Law Enforcement/Deputy Director of FAMS
- Director, Office of Business Management
- Division Director, Security and Assessment Services Division
- Division Director, Field Operations Division
- Division Director, Flight Operations Division
Ranking structure
The Federal Air Marshal Service uses the following ranking nomenclature, introduced in 2011.
- Director
- Deputy Director
- The Director's Assistant
- Assistant Deputy Director
- Superintendent of the Air Marshal (SAC)
- Deputy Supervisor of Air Charge Marshal (DSAC)
- Assistant Air Charge Controller (ASAC)
- Federal Air Marshal (SFAM) Supervisor
- Senior Federal Air Marshal
- Federal Air Marshal (FAM)
Previously, the ranks of supervisors have different naming. SAC is known as Special Agent in Charging such as Assistant and Deputy SAC and Federal Air Marshal Marshal known as Assistant Special Agent in Charge or ATSAC. Rank changes were introduced in 2011 to reduce our "us versus them" perception between airborne and non-supervisory air marshals.
Office field
Layanan Federal Air Marshal memiliki kantor lapangan yang terletak di atau dekat kota-kota berikut:
- Atlanta
- Baltimore
- Boston
- Charlotte
- Chicago
- Dallas
- Denver
- Detroit
- Houston
- Las Vegas
- Los Angeles
- Miami
- Minneapolis
- Newark
- New York
- Orlando
- Philadelphia
- San Francisco
- Seattle
- Washington
Starting in 2014 and ending in 2016, the following field offices are closed:
- Cincinnati
- Cleveland
- Phoenix
- Pittsburgh
- San Diego
- Tampa
Training
Federal Air Marshals underwent an intense two-phase training program. The first phase of the program is a seven-week basic law enforcement course. The training was completed at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Artesia, New Mexico; the air marshal also received advanced training at William J. Hughes Technical Center in New Jersey at the Federal Marshal Air Service Training Center. Their training is tailored to the role that Air Marshals Federal will perform at work. Some of the specific areas covered in this training include constitutional law, firing skills, physical fitness, behavioral observations, defensive tactics, emergency medical help, and other law enforcement techniques.
The second stage trains candidates for the tasks they will expect to undertake in the field. The training emphasizes on refining the skills of firing the candidates. This is a job requirement because of the tightness of airplanes, as well as the number of observers. Candidates who successfully complete this training will be assigned to one of 21 field offices, where they begin their mission.
Tools
Federal Air Marshals brings the following equipment:
- SIG Sauer P229 or SIG Sauer P239 rooms in.357 SIG
- ASP 16 "expandable wand
- Handcuffs
According to an anonymous air marshal, they are trained to "shoot to stop," usually shoot the lion's largest part (chest) and then head to "cripple the nervous system."
Practice
Air marshals can be deployed as little as one hour notice and in high-risk locations. The secret air marshals were deployed on flights in and out of New Orleans during the Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002; flights came near Salt Lake City during the 2002 Winter Olympics; and the cities visited by the President.
Federal Air Marshal Frank Terreri of the Federal Enforcement Law Enforcement Association (FLEOA) successfully sued the senior executives of the Department of Homeland Security complaining that the policy of preventing air marsal from talking that the current policy (such as their strict dress code, "Federal Air Marshal discount" mandatory, airport policies that force air marshals to run on security checkpoint exits, and pre-ride priority aircraft before passengers and disabled passengers flying with small children "make easy targets for each hijacker, making them stand out as government agents hiding guns fire, and thereby eliminating their effectiveness.
A policy change in August 2006 allowed air marshals to wear whatever clothing they wanted, in addition to staying in any hotel they chose to protect their anonymity. When asked what they did for a living, federal air marshals were ordered to respond in various words like "I work for Transportation Security Administration" or other answers they can think of.
On May 30, 2013, the first book on marshals air history was published in the United States by Federal Air Marshal Clay Biles, who resigned three days after publication. The book, entitled US Federal Air Marshal Service: A Historical Perspective, 1962-2012, provides unreleased information about more than fifty years of Federal Air Marshal Service. On July 1, 2014, new personal books and memoirs were published by Biles. The book, titled Unsecure Skies, provides behind-the-scenes images of nepotism, deception, cronyism, and mismanagement of Federal Air Service Marshal under the Transportation Security Administration.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Budgetary issues within TSA create tensions between funding for airport scanners versus FAMS, and in time FAMs are adjusted to US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The reason is that FAMS can be re-designated as a special criminal/agent investigator and will have a career path. ICE also has an investigation division (Homeland Security Investigations) with special agents specializing in investigating immigration and customs violations. The ICE-HSI agents will be cross-trained to serve as additional FAMs in the event of a national emergency or in response to intelligence requiring additional marshals in flight.
Finally, one of Asa Hutchinson's final decisions before resigning as head of the DHS Directorate of Border and Transportation Security is the publication of a memorandum that determines that air marshals will not become ICE-HSI special agents. In 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff conducted a second stage review of the DHS organization and ordered FAMS to be removed from ICE and returned to TSA. The transition to TSA effective October 1, 2005.
Controversy
Incident Rigoberto Alpizar
On December 7, 2005, two Federal Air Marshals shot and killed 44-year-old American Rigoberto Alpizar, a passenger on American Airlines Flight 924, at a departure bridge at Miami International Airport.
According to initial media reports of the incident, a fight broke out between Alpizar and his wife, after which Alpizar suddenly ran down the aisle from behind the plane. Lonny Glover, national safety coordinator for the Association of Professional Flight Attendants, said, "When the man came to the front, it was clear that he was angry... That's when one of our waiters in front of the plane told him, 'Sir, you can not leave "His response, he said, implies that he has a bomb in his backpack.At that moment the air marsal releases their cover and chases it out the door and up onto the jet bridge."
On December 8, 2005, White House spokesman Scott McClellan said that President George W. Bush was satisfied that air marshals acted appropriately in the shooting of Alpizar.
Sensitive Security Information (SSI) is a label used for unclassified information that may compromise aviation security.
On July 29, 2003, the Executive Vice President of the FAMS Agency for the Federal Law Officers' Association (FLEOA), FAM Robert MacLean, revealed that FAMS plans to move air marshals from long-haul flights to avoid overnight stay costs. stay. The plan was ordered when TSA was confronted with a budget shortage and right after DHS issued a July 26, 2003 warning that terrorists plan to smuggle weapons on aircraft leaving the US East Coast, Britain, Italy and Australia for piracy purposes. they. After Congress anger, the plan was canceled before it was enacted. This plan is contrary to the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA), which Section 105 states that "Spread of Federal Air Marshals... on nonstop long-haul flights, as targeted on September 11, 2001, should be a priority."
MacLean was fired for "Unidentified Sensitive Security Information Disclosure (SSI)" as a result of disclosure of disclosure. After challenging this indictment in the US Circuit Court of Appeals, which found that Maclean was protected by the Fact-Find Protection Act, he was unconditionally restored as an air marshal.
Alcoholism
Alcohol abuse is rampant among employees. The New York Times quotes: "Some air marshals say they are taking drugs or drinking alcohol to stay awake - despite policies that prohibit alcohol consumption within 10 hours before work." Thirteen marshals receive DUI between 2016 and 2018. One marshal who recovered alcohol, saw himself featured in a TSA alcohol awareness promo video and then committed suicide. TSA chose to monitor whether employees were aware before boarding a plane.
Other controversies
In recent years the Federal Air Marshal Service has been the subject of controversy related to the number of flights that are completely human air marsal and criminal activities involving air marshals. CNN conducted an investigative report by Drew Griffin that included current and former air marshals who accused TSA of hypnotizing the number of manned flights and poor quality training. TSA has rejected the report and conducted an investigation of personnel who gave interviews to the media. They also responded to the allegations.
Another investigation was carried out by reporter Amy Davis from the Houston KPRC news station into the possibility that an airborne marshal with criminal convictions is still used by FAMS. Investigations found that 28 had been employed with pre-existing violations and that some air marshals have now been punished or are awaiting trial for violations including disorderly conduct, DUI, and sexual offenses against children. The investigation caused US Congressman Ted Poe from Houston to be involved.
On August 6, 2006, two air marshals were sentenced in the Southern District of Texas (Houston) after being found guilty of conspiring to have with a view to distributing cocaine and bribery allegations. According to DOJ's press release Shawn Ray Nguyen, 38, and Burlie L. Sholar, 33, were sentenced to 87 months and 108 months in federal prison, respectively, by US District Judge Kenneth Hoyt on Monday, August 28, 2006. Punishment which is lower than Nguyen is the result of court consideration for his cooperation with the United States. "
The effectiveness of FAMs against crime and terror, is also questionable. According to Congressman John J. Duncan, the air marshal program produces only 4.2 captures per year, at an average cost of $ 200 million per capture. He argues that this is a victory of perceived terror dangers, supported by a profit-center type approach, on realistic spending priorities.
See also
References
External links
- Official website Law Enforcement Website/FAMS TSA Office
- Federal News Archives Marshal & amp; Link
- Federal Air Marshal Service History
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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