A syringe (from the Greek ??? - (under-), and ????? (skin)), one of the categories of medical devices that go into the skin, is called a sharp object , is a very thin vacuum tube with a sharp tip that contains a small hole at the pointed end. It is usually used with a syringe, a hand-operated device with a thrust, to inject substances into the body (eg, saline solution, a solution containing various drugs or a liquid drug) or a liquid extract from the body (eg, blood). They are used to take fluid samples from the body, for example taking blood from the veins in venipuncture. The intervention of large bore injections is very useful in severe blood loss or treating shock.
The hypodermic needle is used for rapid fluid delivery, or when the injected substance can not be swallowed, either because it is not absorbed (such as insulin), or therefore it will harm the liver. There are many possible routes for injection, with the arm being the general site.
The hypodermic needle also plays an important role in the research environment where sterile conditions are required. The hypodermic needle significantly reduces contamination during the inoculation of the sterile substrate. The hypodermic needle reduces contamination for two reasons: First, the surface is very smooth, which prevents airborne pathogens from being trapped between irregularities on the surface of the needle, which will then be transferred to the media (eg so) as a contaminant; secondly, the surface of the needle is very sharp, which significantly reduces the diameter of the remaining holes after puncturing the membrane and consequently prevents larger microbes from this hole from contaminating the substrate.
Video Hypodermic needle
History
Initial and experimental use
Ancient Greeks and Romans knew the injection as a method of drug delivery from the observation of snake bites and poisonous weapons. There are also references to the "anointing" and "influence" in the Old Testament as well as Homer's works, but the injection as a valid medical device was not really explored until the 17th century. Christopher Wren conducted the earliest confirmed experiments with raw needle syringes, intravenously injected into dogs in 1656. This experiment consisted of using animal bags (as syringes) and goose burrs (as needles) to administer drugs such as opium intravenously in dogs. Wren and the main interest of others is to find out whether medicines traditionally given orally will be effective intravenously. In the 1660s, J. D. Major of Kiel and J. S. Elsholtz of Berlin was the first to experiment with injections in humans. These early trials were generally ineffective and in some cases fatal. Injection is no longer favored for two centuries.
19th century development
The 19th century saw the development of effective drugs in small doses, such as opiates and strychnine. This spurred a renewed interest in the application of both direct and controlled drugs. "Some controversy revolves around priority issues in hypodermic treatment." Francis Rynd is generally credited with the first successful injection in 1844. Alexander Wood was an all-glass syringe in 1851, allowing users to estimate doses based on the level of liquids observed through glass. Wood uses syringes and syringes primarily for local applications, subcutaneous injection (local anesthesia) and is therefore not interested in the right dose. Along with Wood's work in Edinburgh, Dr. Charles Pravaz from Lyon also experimented with sub-dermal injections on sheep using his own design syringe. Pravaz designed a syringe measuring 3 cm (1.18 inches) and a diameter of 5 mm (0.2 inches); all made of silver. Dr. Charles Hunter, a London surgeon, is credited with coining the term "hypodermic" to describe subcutaneous injection in 1858. This name is derived from two Greek words: hypo , "below", and charity , "skin". Furthermore, Hunter is credited with recognizing the systemic effects of the injection after realizing that the patient's pain is reduced regardless of the proximity of the injection to the diseased area. Hunter and Wood are involved in lengthy legal disputes not just about the origin of modern hypodermic needles, but also because of their disagreement with the effects of drugs ever given.
Modern enhancements
Dr Wood is largely credited with the popularization and acceptance of injection as a medical technique, as well as the widespread use and acceptance of hypodermic needles. The basic technology of syringes has been largely unchanged since the 19th century, but as time goes by and medical and chemical knowledge is increasing, minor improvements have been made to improve safety and efficacy, with needles designed and adapted for very specific uses. The needle specification trend for use began in 1920, especially for the administration of insulin to diabetics. The beginnings of World War II spurred the early development of partially disposable needles for morphine and islill in the battlefield. The development of disposable hypodermic needles was spurred in the 1950s for several reasons. The Korean War created a shortage of blood and in response to wear, sterile syringes were developed to collect blood. Widespread immunization against polio during this period requires the development of a fully disposable syringe system.
The 1950s also saw the emergence and recognition of cross contamination of the needles used. This led to the development of the first disposable plastic syringe by New Zealand pharmacist Colin Murdoch in 1956. This period also marked a change in interest from the needle specification to general sterility and safety. The 1980s saw the emergence of the HIV epidemic and thereby renewed attention to the safety of cross contamination of the needles used. New security controls are designed on disposable needles to ensure the safety of medical workers in particular. These controls are implemented on the needle itself, such as removable needles, but also in handling of used needles, especially in the use of hard surface exhaust containers found in every medical office today.
Maps Hypodermic needle
Producing
Hypodermic needles are usually made of stainless-steel tubes through a process known as tube images in which tubes are drawn through the smaller dies to make the needle. Needles are designed with the same general features, including barrel, plunger, needle, and cap. The tip of the needle is tilted to make a sharp pointed tip, allowing the needle to easily penetrate the skin.
Gauge
The main system for measuring the diameter of the hypodermic needle is the Birmingham gauge (whereas the French gauge is used primarily for catheters). A variety of long needles is available for a certain size. Needles in general medical use range from 7 gauge (the largest) to 33 (the smallest). 21-gauge needles are most commonly used to draw blood for testing purposes, and 16 or 17-gauge needles are most commonly used for blood donors, because the lower produced pressure is less harmful to red blood cells (it also allows more blood to collected in a shorter time). Although reusable needles remain useful for some scientific applications, disposable needles are much more common in medicine. Disposable needles embedded in plastic or aluminum hub attached to the syringe barrel by using a press-fit or twist-on fitting. This is sometimes referred to as the "Luer Lock" connection, referring to the Luer-Lok trademark. Male and female key men and hubs - manufactured by pharmaceutical equipment manufacturers - are the two most important parts of disposable syringes.
Non-specialist use
Hypodermic needles are usually used by medical professionals (dentists, phlebotomists, doctors, nurses, paramedics), but they are sometimes used by patients themselves. This is most common in people with type 1 diabetes, which may require several injections of insulin a day. It also occurs in patients suffering from asthma or other severe allergies. Such patients may need to take desensitization injections or they may need to take injecting drugs to be used as first aid if severe allergic reactions occur. In the latter case, the patient often carries a syringe loaded with epinephrine (eg EpiPen), diphenhydramine (eg Benadryl), or dexamethasone. Fast injections from any of these drugs can stop a severe allergic reaction.
Multiple sclerosis patients can also treat it with injections; some MS therapies, including various interferon preparations, are designed to be self-managed with subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. In some countries, patients with erectile dysfunction can be prescribed Alprostadil in the form of injection, which is injected itself directly to the base or side of the penis with a very fine hypodermic needle.
Hypodermic needles are also used by users who are not trained in intravenous drug use (eg, injecting heroin and water solutions). Before the government reaches the current level of awareness of the spread of the disease through shared needles, hypodermic injections in many countries are available only by prescription. Thus, to limit the spread of blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis and HIV through joint injection equipment, many countries have needle exchange programs in most major cities. In some countries, such programs are wholly or partially subsidized by the government. Blunt needles, produced without sharp bevel and are usually not sterile, are used industrially to fill small containers or accurately apply small amounts of solvents or glue.
Phobia
It is estimated that almost 3.5 to 10% of the world's population may have needophobia (trypanophobia), and it is much more common in children, ages 5-17. The patient may request a patch from the nurse to turn off the area where the injection will be done to reduce the pain.
See also
- Kanula
- Catheter
- Intravenous therapy
- Nanoneedle
- Needle Biopsy
- Needle gauge comparison graph
- Needle Remover
- Attack pierce attack
- Tuohy Needle
References
External links
- Phobia Needle Page
- Phobia and Dental Needles
- California Company Creating Medical Device That Can Change Medical Course as We Know
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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