Louis Vuitton Malletier , commonly referred to as Louis Vuitton ( French: Ã, [lwi v? it ??] ), or abbreviated to LV , is a French fashion house and a luxury retail company founded in 1854 by Louis Vuitton. This LV monogram of labels appears in most of its products, ranging from luxury bars and leather goods to ready-made shoes, shoes, watches, jewelry, accessories, sunglasses, and books. Louis Vuitton is one of the world's leading international fashion houses; he sells his products through self-service boutiques, departmental rentals in upscale department stores, and through e-commerce sections on his website. For six years in a row (2006-2012), Louis Vuitton was named the most valuable luxury brand in the world. Valuation in 2012 is US $ 25.9 billion. The 2013 brand valuation is US $ 28.4 billion with revenues of US $ 9.4 billion. The company operates in 50 countries with more than 460 stores worldwide.
Video Louis Vuitton
History
Setting up World War II
The Louis Vuitton label was founded by Vuitton in 1854 at Rue Neuve des Capucines in Paris, France. Louis Vuitton has observed that the stem Oscarite Cave HJ can be easily stacked. In 1858, Vuitton introduced his flat bottom trunk with trianon canvas, making it light and airtight. Before the introduction of the Vuitton rod, round stalks were used, generally to promote water runoff, and thus could not be stacked. It is a Trianon Vuitton flat canvas trunk that allows the ability to accumulate easily for voyages. Many other creators are imitating LV style and design.
The company participated in the 1867 Universal Exposition in Paris. To protect against the duplication of his view, Vuitton changed the design of Trianon into the design of cream stripes and chocolate in 1876. In 1885, the company opened its first store in London on Oxford Street. Shortly thereafter, due to the continuous imitation of his appearance, in 1888, Vuitton created the Damier Canvas pattern, which contained a logo that read " marque L. Vuitton dÃÆ'  © posà © Ã… © e ", which was translated into the "L. Vuitton registered trademark". In 1892, Louis Vuitton died, and the company's management was handed over to his son.
After the death of his father, Georges Vuitton started a campaign to build the company into a worldwide company, exhibiting the company's products at the Chicago World Expo in 1893. In 1896, the company launched Monogram Canvas signatures and made worldwide patents on it.. The graphic symbols, including quatrefoils and flowers (as well as LV monogram), are based on the trend of Japanese design Mon use in the late Victorian era. The patent then proved successful in stopping the counterfeiting. That same year, Georges went to the United States, where he toured cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago, selling Vuitton products. In 1901, the Louis Vuitton Company introduced the Steamer Bag , a small item designed to fit inside a Vuitton luggage suitcase.
In 1913, the Louis Vuitton Building opened in the Champs-Elysees. It was the largest travel goods shop in the world at the time. Shops also opened in New York, Bombay, Washington, London, Alexandria, and Buenos Aires during World War I began. After that, in 1930, the Keepall bag was introduced. During 1932, LV introduced the bag NoÃÆ'Â © . This bag was originally made for champagne wine sellers to transport bottles. Soon after, the Louis Vuitton bag Speedy was introduced (both still produced today). In 1936 Georges Vuitton died, and his son, Gaston-Louis Vuitton, took control of the company.
Collaboration
During World War II, Louis Vuitton collaborated with the Nazis during the German occupation of France. The French Book Louis Vuitton, A French Saga , written by French journalist Stephanie Bonvicini and published by Paris-based Editions Fayard tells how Vuitton family members actively helped the puppet government led by Marshal Philippe PÃÆ'Ã… © tain and increase their wealth from their business dealings with Germany. The family set up a factory dedicated to producing artefacts that glorify Pace, including more than 2,500 sculptures.
Caroline Babulle, a spokesman for the publisher, Fayard, said: "They do not debate anything in the book, but they try to bury it by pretending it's not there." Responding to the release of the book in 2004, a LVMH spokesman said: "This is an ancient history.This book covers the period when it was family-run and long before it became part of LVMH We are diverse, tolerant and all the things a modern company should be." LVMH told the satirical magazine Le Canard Enchainà © : "We do not deny the facts, but unfortunately the author has exaggerated the Vichy episode We have not put any pressure on anyone If reporters want to censor themselves , then that suits us. "The publication is the only French magazine that mentions the book, LVMH is the country's largest advertiser in the media.
1945 to 2000
During this period, Louis Vuitton began to incorporate leather into most of its products, ranging from small wallets and purses to larger pieces of luggage. To expand its line, the company changed Monogram Canvas's signature in 1959 to make it more flexible, allowing it to be used for purses, purses, and wallets. It is believed that in 1920, counterfeiting was a bigger problem to continue into the 21st century. In 1966, Papillon was launched (a cylindrical bag that is still popular today). In 1977 with annual revenue of up to 70 million francs ($ 14.27 million US $). A year later, the label opened its first store in Japan: in Tokyo and Osaka. In 1983, the company joined the American Cup to form the Louis Vuitton Cup, an early competition (known as an eliminative display contest) for a yacht race. Louis Vuitton later expanded its presence in Asia with the opening of a store in Taipei, Taiwan in 1983 and Seoul, South Korea in 1984. In the following year, 1985, the Epi leather line was introduced.
1987 sees the creation of LVMH. MoÃÆ'¨t et Chandon and Hennessy, a leading producer of champagne and cognac, join each other with Louis Vuitton to form a luxury goods conglomerate. Profits for 1988 reportedly increased to 49% more than in 1987. In 1989, Louis Vuitton came to operate 130 stores worldwide. Entering the 1990s, Yves Carcelle was appointed president of LV, and in 1992, the brand opened its first Chinese location at the Palace Hotel in Beijing. Further products were introduced such as the Taiga leather line in 1993, and the Voyager Avec literature collection... 1994. In 1996, the Centennial of the Monogram Canvas celebration was held in seven cities around the world.
In 1997, Louis Vuitton made Marc Jacobs as Artistic Director. In March of the following year, he designed and introduced the first company "prÃÆ'ªt-ÃÆ' -porter" line for men and women. Also this year the products introduced include the Monogram Vernis line, the LV scrapbook, and the Louis Vuitton City Guide.
The last events of the 20th century were the launch of a mini monogram line in 1999, the opening of the first shop in Africa in Marrakech, Morocco in 2000, and finally the auction at the International Film Festival in Venice, Italy, where the "amfAR" by Sharon Stone was sold with proceeds going to The Foundation for AIDS Research (also in 2000).
2001 to 2011
In 2001, Stephen Sprouse, in collaboration with Marc Jacobs, designed a limited edition Vuitton bag chain featuring graffiti written on a monogram pattern. Graffiti read Louis Vuitton and, in certain bags, the name of the bag (like Keepall and Speedy). Certain pieces, featuring graffiti without the Monogram Canvas background, are only available in V.I.P. Louis Vuitton. Customer list. Jacobs also created the charm bracelet, the first jewelry from LV, in the same year.
In 2002, a collection of Tambour watches was introduced. During this year, the LV building in Tokyo's Ginza district opened, and the brand collaborated with Bob Wilson for Christmas window scenes. In 2003, Takashi Murakami, in collaboration with Marc Jacobs, masterminded the new series of Monogram Multicolore canvases from bags and accessories. This range includes a standard Monogram Canvas monogram, but in 33 different colors on a white or black background. (Classic canvas features a golden monogram on a brown background.) Murakami also creates a Cherry Blossom pattern, in which smiling cartoonish faces amid pink and yellow flowers are placed sporadically over Monogram Canvas. This pattern appears in limited numbers. The production of this limited edition was discontinued in June 2003. In 2003, shops in Moscow, Russia and in New Delhi, India opened, skin lines of Utah and Suhali were released, and the 20th anniversary of the LV Cup was held.
In 2004, Louis Vuitton celebrated its 150th anniversary. The brand also inaugurated stores in New York City (on Fifth Avenue), SÃÆ' Â £ o Paulo, Mexico City, Cancun and Johannesburg. It also opened the first global store in Shanghai. In 2005, Louis Vuitton reopened the Champs-ÃÆ' â € ° lysÃÆ' Â © ice store in Paris designed by American Architects Eric Carlson and released a collection of Speedy watches. In 2006, LV held the inauguration of Espace Louis Vuitton on the 7th floor. In 2008, Louis Vuitton released the Damier Graphite canvas. The canvas has a classic Damier pattern but is black and gray, giving a masculine look and an urban feel. Also in 2008, Pharrell Williams designed a series of jewelry ("Blason") and sunglasses for Louis Vuitton.
In 2010, Louis Vuitton opened what is described as the most luxurious store in London.
In early 2011, Louis Vuitton hired Kim Jones as "Men's Ready Studio and Stylish Director". She became the main designer of menswear while working under the artistic director of the company from Marc Jacobs.
On September 17, 2011, Louis Vuitton opened the first Maison Island (island house) in Singapore, the first 'maison' opened in Southeast Asia.
2012 to present
In September 2013, the company hired Darren Spaziani to lead the collection of accessories.
On November 4, 2013, the company insists that Nicolas GhesquiÃÆ'¨re has been hired to replace Marc Jacobs as artistic director of the women's collection. GhesquiÃÆ'¨re's first line for the company was shown in Paris in March 2014.
On April 7, 2014, Edouard Schneider became head of the press and public relations at Louis Vuitton under the leadership of Winckler, who was Vuitton's director of communications and events.
Maps Louis Vuitton
Brand
The Louis Vuitton brand and LV monogram are one of the most valuable brands in the world. According to Millward Brown 2010 study, Louis Vuitton is the 19th most valuable brand in the world, right after Gillette and before Wells Fargo. The brand itself is estimated to be worth more than US $ 19 billion. For six years in a row, Louis Vuitton is the number one of the ten most powerful brands list published by BrandZ 2011 study Millward Brown Optimor for $ 24.3 billion. That's more than double the value of a second ranked brand.
Louis Vuitton is one of the most forged brands in the fashion world because of its image as a status symbol. Ironically, Monogram Canvas's signature was created to prevent forgery. In 2004, fake Louis Vuitton accounted for 18% of fake accessories confiscated in the EU.
The company is actively seeking to deal with counterfeiting, and hiring a team of lawyers and specialized investigative agencies to pursue violators through courts around the world. The company allocates about half of its communications budget against counterfeit goods. LVMH (the parent company of Vuitton) further confirms this by stating: "Around 60 people at various levels of full-time work responsibilities in anti-counterfeiting work with a wide network of outside investigators and lawyers teams." The company strictly controls the distribution of its products. Until the 1980s, Vuitton products were sold widely in department stores (eg, Neiman Marcus and Saks Fifth Avenue). Currently, Vuitton products are mainly available in Louis Vuitton's original boutiques, with a small number of exceptions. These boutiques are usually found in upscale shopping districts or in luxury department stores. The boutiques within the department store operate independently from the department and have their own LV managers and employees. LV has an online store, through its main website, as the official channel to market its products.
In 2006, the company sought to have the LV.com domain name forcibly transferred from its owner in America; the action failed and the domain was later acquired by LV =, a UK-friendly insurance/public company.
Products
Since the 19th century, Louis Vuitton rods are made by hand. Contemporary Fashion previews the making of the LV stem: "The craftsmen line up the leather and canvas, tap the small nails one by one and secure the five key anti-dense solid brass keys with individual handmade keys, designed for allowing travelers to have only one key for all their luggage The wooden frame of each bar is made of 30-year-old poplar that has been left dry for at least four years Each bar has a serial number and can take up to 60 hours to be made, and a suitcase of 15 hour. "
The iconic bags of Louis Vuitton include Speedy bags and Neverfull bags. Every season Louis Vuitton produces rare limited edition handbags that are generally only available through ordering through the larger Louis Vuitton stores.
Many of the company's products use Damier and Monogram Canvas which are brown, both of which were first used in the late 19th century. All company products show identical LV initials. The Company markets its products through its own stores scattered around the world, allowing it to control product quality and pricing. It also allows LV to prevent counterfeit products from entering its distribution channel. In addition, the company distributes its products through the company's own website, LouisVuitton.com.
Ad campaigns
The Louis Vuitton Company seeks to grow the following celebrities and has used famous models, musicians and actors such as Jennifer Lopez, Keith Richards, Madonna, Sean Connery, Michelle Williams, Matthias Schoenaerts, Jennifer Connelly, Hayden Christensen, Angelina Jolie, Gisele BÃÆ'¼ndchen and recently, David Bowie in his marketing campaign. On August 2, 2007, the company announced that former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev would appear in a joint advertising campaign with Steffi Graf and Catherine Deneuve. Many rapper, especially Bohemia, Kanye West, Juicy J, and Wiz Khalifa have mentioned the company in certain songs.
Companies typically use print ads in magazines and billboards in cosmopolitan cities. Louis Vuitton Poster by Razzia was popular in the 1980s. It previously relied on the press chosen for its advertising campaign (often involving prestigious stars like Steffi Graf, Andre Agassi and Catherine Deneuve) who were shot by Annie Leibovitz. However, Antoine Arnault, director of the communications department, recently decided to enter the world of television and cinema: The ad (90 seconds) is exploring the theme "Where will life take you?" and translated into 13 different languages. This is the first Vuitton commercial commercial ever directed by renowned French director Bruno Aveillan.
Custom collaboration
Louis Vuitton has had many collaborations with leading artists and designers. Takashi Murakami made a collection of special editions, such as the Monogram Collection, which debuted in 2008, and the previous collection, released in 2002, featuring some of his artwork. The creations were "painted" on the traditional monogram canvas, which brought radical new changes to the eternal design. Marc Jacobs also commemorates the previous collaboration, designed by Stephen Sprouse. This collection, originally released in 2001, features a thick print that looks like graffiti, on a traditional canvas. Recreation kolab uses the same idea, but gives it a new touch using bold colors, like hot pink, green neon, and orange, which also glows in the dark. This revitalized version of the graffiti collection was finally released in 2009 with much fanfare. Louis Vuitton also collaborated with Kanye West in 2009, designing his own limited boots. Recently, Jacobs teamed up with Yayoi Kusama to create the "Infinitely Kusama" Collection, which features thick colors of dots on the varnish or monogram canvas. These pieces are black with white dots, red with white dots, and yellow with black dots. The album was released in July 2012. In 2017 Louis Vuitton collaborated with the American Supreme (brand) streetwear brand, releasing products at pop-up stores in major cities around the world. Item featured a Louis Vuitton monogram canvas blended with Supreme-logo design boxes. Also in 2017, Louis Vuitton collaborated with artist Jeff Koons for two collections in an effort to "further explore [the] intersection between fashion and art."
Controversy and dispute
Britney Spears Video
On November 19, 2007 Louis Vuitton, in a further effort to prevent counterfeiting, successfully sued Britney Spears for violating anti-counterfeiting laws. Part of the music video for the song "Do Somethin '" shows the fingers knocking on the hot pink Hummer dashboard with what looks like Louis Vuitton's "Cherry Blossom" design with the LV logo. Britney Spears herself was not found to be responsible, but a civil court in Paris ordered Sony BMG and MTV Online to stop displaying the video. They were also fined EUR80,000 for each group. An anonymous spokeswoman for LVMH stated that the video was an "attack" on the Louis Vuitton brand and its image of luxury.
Simple Living
On February 13, 2007, Louis Vuitton sent a stop order and quit Danish art student Nadia Plesner for using a picture of a bag that allegedly infringed Louis Vuitton's intellectual property rights. Plesner has created a satirical illustration, "Simple Life", depicting a poor boy who holds designer dogs and designer handbags, and uses it on T-shirts and posters to raise funds for the Divest for Darfur charity. On March 25, the court ruled in favor of LV that the image was a clear violation of copyright. In spite of power, Plesner continues to use the image, on the grounds of artistic freedom, and post a copy of the Stop command and stop at its website. On April 15, 2008, Louis Vuitton informed Plesner of the lawsuit filed against him. Louis Vuitton asked for $ 7,500 for every day Plesner continued to sell "Simple Living" products, $ 7,500 for each day, the original Stop and Stop Stop published on his website and $ 7,500 a day to use the name "Louis Vuitton" at its website, plus law enforcement and enforcement fees.
An LVMH spokeswoman interviewed by New York Magazine said that Louis Vuitton was forced to take legal action when Plesner did not respond to their original request to remove the contested image, or to stop the order and stop next. In October 2008, Louis Vuitton stated that the company had canceled its lawsuit but has since reopened with a new EUR205,000 claim due to paintings by the same artist. In May 2011, the court in The Hague supported Plesner's right to freedom of expression.
Craftsman
In May 2010, the UK Advertising Standards Authority banned two corporate advertising spots, depicting craftsmen working on their products, for violating the 'Clause of Truth'. The ASA says that the evidence supplied by Louis Vuitton does not match what is needed to prove that the product is made by hand. ASA says that two ads will lead consumers to interpret that the Louis Vuitton purses and wallets are almost entirely hand-made when they are dominated by machines.
The ASA states: 'We note that we have not seen any documentation detailing the entire production process for Louis Vuitton products or that shows the proportion of their manufacture made by hand or by machine. Vuitton denied that their production was automated, arguing that more than 100 stages were involved in making each bag; they do, however, recognize that sewing machines have been used in the production process. '
Pattern examiner seats in Hong Kong barber shop
In February 2013, Louis Vuitton issued a complaint against the owner of a barber shop in Hong Kong for allegedly infringing his intellectual property rights in relation to the bench using a cloth upholstery similar to a checker pattern on a Louis Vuitton bag. According to the Hong Kong-based newspaper Apple Daily, the company is seeking compensation of HK $ 25,000 (about US $ 3,200) and publication of apology in the form of newspaper advertisements. The owner is sourced from basic Chinese furniture and equipment to start his shop. Faced with this allegation, the barbershop owner said he had no way to deal with Louis Vuitton and may have to close his shop that has been operating for 1 year in a remote area of ​​Hong Kong Island. The controversy has caused tremendous concern at Hong Kong news forums and virus protests on Facebook pages. S-Lock copyright in Hong Kong
In another legal warning dated September 2012, Louis Vuitton has filed a complaint against two small retail stores in Hong Kong for allegedly infringing his intellectual property rights in connection with the "S-Lock" design for Louis Vuitton handbags. According to the Hong Kong-based newspaper Apple Daily, the company is seeking compensation of HK $ 40,000 (about US $ 5,000) and public apology in the newspaper. The shopkeeper refused to pay, and Louis Vuitton demanded further damage up to HK $ 150,000 in February 2013. The store claims to have purchased two such bags from Japan for HK $ 120, which sells for HK $ 220. In the case of another small shop selling 2 bags, they argued with Louis Vuitton that the design was different, and made the LV request reduced to HK $ 5,000 (about US $ 640). The owner refused to pay and said they were ready to face LV in court. Suspected of persecuting model
In May 2017, the media reported the alleged persecution of the model, which appeared at Louis Vuitton's cruise in Kyoto. The 20-year-old model, on arrival, measured 91.5 centimeters (36 inches) around his hip said he was "too bloated" and "too big" for his ensemble and ordered to drink only water for 24 hours. The model alleges that he was only notified through his agent in France, who received an email including the text "[he] came yesterday in Tokyo for his last fitting, and he no longer wore the same dress.He had a stomach, his face was more swollen [sic] and the back of her dress is open and you can see it tight. "Despite following instructions, she was eventually expelled from the show. The model states that he has "received hundreds of messages from models" that have been subjected to the same treatment from the same casting director Louis Vuitton. The casting director denied the allegations and explained the instructions regarding water intake as a misconception, that the model was instructed that its fluid intake should be limited to water.
See also
- Au DÃÆ' Â © section
- Bottega Veneta
- Goyard
- HermÃÆ'¨s
- Moynat
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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