The M1911 is a one-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated reverse engine for.45 ACP cartridges. It served as a standard-issue weapon for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was widely used in World War I, World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam War. The formal appointment of the pistol in 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911 for the original model 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911A1 for M1911A1, adopted in 1924. Appointment changed to Pistol, Caliber.45, Automatic, M1911A1 in the Vietnam War era.
The US bought about 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service lifetime. M1911 was replaced by a 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the US standard sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely removed. The modern derivative variant of M1911 is still used by some US Army and US Navy Special Forces units.
Designed by John Browning, M1911 is the most famous of its designs for using short recoil principles in its basic design. The gun was widely copied, and the operating system rose to the most prominent type in the 20th century and almost all modern central pistols. It's popular with civilian shooters in competitive events like USPSA, IDPA, International Practical Shooting Confederation, and Bullseye shooting. The compact variant is a hidden civilian weapon hidden in the US due to its relatively slender design width and the termination power of a.45 ACP cartridge.
Video M1911 pistol
History
Initial and adaptation history
The M1911 pistol originated in the late 1890s as a result of an appropriate self-loading (or semiautomatic) pistol quest to replace later revolvers in service. The United States adopts new firearms at a phenomenal rate; several new pistols and two all-new service rifles (M1892/96/98 Krag and M1895 Navy Lee), as well as a series of revolvers by Colt and Smith & amp; Wesson for the Army and Navy, was adopted only in that decade. The next decade will see the same move, including the adoption of some more revolvers and intensive search for self-loading pistols that will culminate in the official adoption of M1911 after the turn of the decade.
Hiram S. Maxim had designed a self-loading rifle in the 1880s, but was preoccupied with machine guns. Nevertheless, the application of the principle of using energy cartridges to recharge caused some self-loading pistols in 1896. The designs attracted the attention of various military, who each started the program to find a match for their troops. In the US, such a program would lead to a formal test at the turn of the 20th century.
During the late 1899s and beginning in 1900, a self loading pistol test was performed, including entries from Mauser (the C96 "Broomhandle"), Mannlicher (the Mannlicher M1894), and Colt (Colt M1900).
This led to the purchase of 1,000 Luger DWM pistols, chambers at 7.65mm Luger, cartridges that stalled. During field trials, there are several problems, especially with power cessation. Other governments have made similar complaints. As a result, DWM produces an enlarged rounded version, Parabellum 9ÃÆ'â € "19mm (known in military language today as 9ÃÆ'â €" 19mm NATO), a chain version of 7.65 mm round. Fifty of them were also tested by the US Army in 1903.
The American units fighting the Moro guerrillas during the Philippine-American War used the then-standard Colt M1892 revolver,.38 Long Colt, finding it unsuited to the hardness of forest warfare, especially in the case of power cessation, because Moro had a high battle. passion and drugs are often used to inhibit the sensation of pain. The US Army briefly re-used the single-action M1873 revolver in the.45 Colt caliber, which had become the standard by the end of the 19th century; heavier bullets were found to be more effective against tribal filling. Those problems prompted Ordnance Chief, General William Crozier, to pass a further test for a new service gun.
After testing the effectiveness of the 1904 Thompson-LaGarde pistol spin, Colonel John T. Thompson stated that the new pistol "should not be less than.45 caliber" and should be semi-automatic in operation. This led to a trial of 1906 pistols from six firearms manufacturing firms (ie, Colt, Bergmann, Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM), Savage Arms Company, Knoble, Webley, and White-Merrill).
Of the six proposed designs, three were eliminated from the start, leaving only Savage, Colt and DWM designs in the new.45 ACP cartridge (Colt Automatic Pistol). All three still have problems that need to be fixed, but only Colt and Savage are handing back their designs. There is some debate about the reasons for DWM withdrawal - some say they feel there is a bias and that the DWM design is used primarily as a "whip" for the Savage and Colt pistols, although this does not match the previous one. 1900 purchase of DWM design over Colt and Steyr entries. In some cases, a series of field trials from 1907 to 1911 were held to decide between Savage and Colt designs. Both designs are enhanced between each test over their initial entry, leading to the final test before being adopted.
Among the areas of success for Colt was a test at the end of 1910 attended by his designer, John Browning. Six thousand bullets were fired from one pistol for two days. When the gun starts to heat, it is just soaked in water to cool it down. Colt gun passes with no reported malfunctions, while the Savage design has 37.
Service history
After its success in trials, the Colt gun was officially adopted by the Army on March 29, 1911, when it was designated as Model 1911, then converted to Model 1911, in 1917, and then M1911, in the mid 1920s. Civil Director Marksmanship started producing the M1911 pistol for members of the National Rifle Association in August 1912. About 100 pistols were branded "N.R.A." under the serial number produced in Springfield Armory and by Colt. M1911 was officially adopted by the US Navy and Marine Corps in 1913.
World War I
As early as 1917, a total of 68,533 M1911 pistols had been delivered to the US armed forces by Colt Firearms Company and Springfield Armory belonging to the US government. However, the need to expand US military power and spike in demand for firearms in World War I saw manufacturing expansion to contractors other than Colt and Springfield Armory, including Remington-UMC, North American Arms Co. of Quebec. Several other manufacturers were awarded contracts to produce M1911, including the National Cash Register Company, Savage Arms Company, Caron Bros. from Montreal, Burroughs Adding Machine Co., Winchester Repeating Arms Company, and Lanston Monotype Company, but the signing of the Armistice resulted in the cancellation of the contract before every pistol was produced.
Interwar changed
The battlefield experience in World War I caused some smaller external changes, completed in 1924. The new version received a modified type classification, M1911A1, in 1926 provided that M1911A1 must have a serial number of over 700,000 with a lower serial number designated M1911. M1911A1 transformed into original design consisting of shorter trigger, cut in frame behind trigger, parent housing curved, longer grip security footing (to prevent hammer bite), wider front sight, shortened shortened runway, and simplified grip checkering (eliminating "Double Diamond" relief). These changes are subtle and mostly meant to make the guns easier to shoot for those with smaller hands. Many people who are unfamiliar with design often can not distinguish between two versions in an instant. No significant internal changes are made, and parts are still exchanged between M1911 and M1911A1.
Working for the US Ordnance Office, David Marshall Williams developed a.22 training version of the M1911 using a floating space to deliver 0.22 rimfire reverse rifle similar to 0.45. As Ace Services Colt, this is available both as a gun and as a conversion kit for.45 M1911 pistol.
Prior to World War II, a small number of modified M1911 pistols in the.45 caliber were produced under license by the Norwegian weapon factory Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk, which was designated "Pistol M/1914" and unofficially known as "Kongsberg Horse young males ". Production continued after the German occupation of Norway in 1940. The M/1914 pistol was noted for an unusually extended stop slide specified by the Norwegian arms authority. Throughout the use of M/1914 in the Norwegian military service, Norway continues to make the M/1914 pistol as prescribed. This pistol is highly respected by modern collectors, with 920 examples stamped with the code of the German Army inspector (Waffenamt) and the unknown number of unmarked examples collected by the Norwegian resistance movement ("Matpakke-Colt" or "Lunch Box Colt" ) became the most sought after. German troops also used captured M1911A1 pistols, using the designation "Pistole 660 (a)".
The M1911 and M1911A1 pistols are also ordered from Colt or produced domestically in modified form by several other countries, including Argentina (Modello 1916 and Modello 1927 contract gun), and Ballester-Molina), Brazil (M1937 pistol contract), Mexico (M1911 Pistol) Mexican contract and ObregÃÆ'³n gun), and Spanish (private producers of Star and Llama).
World War II
World War II and the years leading up to it created great demand. During the war, approximately 1.9 million units were purchased by the US Government for all troops, production was made by several manufacturers, including Remington Rand (900,000 produced), Colt (400,000), Ithaca Gun Company (400.000), Union Switch & Signal (50,000), and Singer (500). The new M1911A1 gun was given a parkerized metal layer instead of a blue, and the wooden handle panel was replaced with a panel made of brown plastic. The M1911A1 was a small weapon favored by both US and allied military personnel during the war, in particular, it was cherished by several highly-veiled British command units and the British Special Operations Executive and the South African Commonwealth forces.
So many 1911A1 pistols were produced during the war that the government canceled all postwar contracts for new production, instead choosing to rebuild existing pistols with new parts, which were later repaired and tested to function. From the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s, the thousands of 1911s and 1911A1s were restored in the US Arsenals and service depots. The rebuilding of this arsenal consists of anything from a small inspection to a massive reversal of the gun back from the use of the service. Renewed pistols on government arsenal will usually be marked on frames/receivers with arsenal initials, such as RIA (Rock Island Armory) or SA (Springfield Armory).
Among the current collectors, the pistol produced by Singer in particular is highly valued, at a high price even in poor conditions.
General Servant Model
From 1943 to 1945, a set of leather-bound M1916 leather belts was issued to several generals in the US Army. Made from leather belts, leather covered sheaths with braided leather straps, two pouch leather bags, and lanyard straps of neck strap. Metal buckles and fittings are in gold-plated brass. The buckle has a US seal in the middle (or "male") and a laurel bouquet on a circular piece (or "female"). The gun was the standard edition M1911A1 that came with cleaning equipment and three magazines.
From 1972 to 1981, the modified M1911A1 called the Model RIA M15 General Officer was issued to General Officers in the US Army and US Air Force. From 1982 to 1986, regular M1911A1 was issued. Both come with a black leather belt, an open holster with a retaining line, and two pocket magazine pockets. The metal buckle and fittings are similar to the M1916 General Official Model except it comes in gold metal for Army and silver metal for the Air Force. M15 and M1911A1 were replaced with M9 pistols in 1986.
Replacement for most uses
After World War II, M1911 continued to be the mainstay of the US Armed Forces in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. It was used during the Desert Storm in special units of the US Army and US Navy Construction Battalions (Seabees), and has seen services in both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, with the US Army Special Forces and Navy Reconnaissance Corps Company.
However, in the late 1970s, M1911A1 recognized its age. Under political pressure from Congress to standardize on a modern gun design, the US Air Force runs a Small Shared Service Weapon Program to select a new semi-automatic gun using the standard NATO 9mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. After trial, Beretta 92S-1 was selected. The army competed for this result and then ran its own competition in 1981, the XM9 trials, which eventually led to the official adoption of Beretta 92F on January 14, 1985. By the late 1980s, production increased despite a controversial and separate XM9 trial. The XM10 reconfirmation was boycotted by some of the original test pilots, cracked on the skeleton of some of the Pre-M9 Beretta guns, and despite problems with slide separation using higher-than-specified rotation pressures that resulted in injuries in some US states. Special operations operations of the Navy. This latter problem generates the latest model that includes additional protection for users, 92FS, and updates for ammunition used.
By the early 1990s, most of the M1911A1 had been replaced by the Beretta M9, ​​though a limited number were still used by special units. The US Marine Corps (USMC) is especially noted for continuing the use of the M1911 pistol for selected personnel at the MEU (SOC) and reconnaissance units (although USMC also buys more than 50,000 M9 pistols.) For its part, the US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) for a 0.45 ACP pistol in Offensive Weapons Attack Weapons test (OHWS). This produces Heckler & amp; Koch OHWS becomes MK23 Mod 0 Offensive Handgun Weapon System (itself very based on the base line of 1911), defeating the modified Colt OHWS, M1911. Dissatisfaction with the relentlessness of the 9 mm Parabellum cartridge used in the Beretta M9 has actually promoted the re-use of a gun based on an ACP-45 cartridge like the M1911 design, along with other pistols, among USSOCOM units in recent years, although M9 remains dominant both within SOCOM and in the US military in general.
MEU (SOC)
Marine Expeditionary Units previously issued M1911s to the Force Recon unit. Colt M1911A1 selected hand frames are destroyed, interred, and prepared for additional use by USMC Precision Weapon Section (PWS) at Marine Corps Base Quantico. They are then assembled with a post-market spring grip, ambidextrous thumbprint, triggers, enhanced high visibility, accurate barrels, grips, and Wilson magazine improvements. These handmade pistols are tailored to end user specifications and preferences.
In the late 1980s, the Marines compiled a series of specifications and improvements to make Browning designs ready for 21st century battles, many of which have been incorporated in the MEU (SOC) gun design, but design time and supply are limited. Finding that the Los Angeles Police Department was pleased with their special Kimber M1911 pistol, a source request was issued for Kimber for such guns despite their soon to be released TLE/RLII model. Kimber soon began producing a limited number of what came to be called the Interim Close Quarters Battle (ICQB) gun. Maintaining a simple backward assembly, 5-inch barrel (though using a stainless steel match barrel), and an internal extractor, ICQB is not much different from Browning's original design.
In July 2012, the US Marines placed a $ 22.5 million order for 12,000 M1911 pistols for the MEU (SOC) forces. 1911 newly appointed M45A1 or "Close Quarters Battle Pistol" CQBP. M45A1 has semi-recoil double assemblies, Picatinny rails and is brown.
In September 2016, it was reported that the US Marine Corps decided to withdraw the M1911 from use by a dedicated carrier.
Users currently in the US.
Many military and law enforcement organizations in the US and other countries continue to use (often modified) M1911A1 pistols including the Los Angeles SWAT Police Department and SIS, the FBI Suicide Rescue Team, the FBI regional SWAT team and the Delta Special Forces First Detachment of Operations ( Delta Forces).
M1911A1 is popular among the general public in the US for practical and recreational purposes. The gun is usually used to carry some of a pile of magazines (which make the gun thinner which is, therefore, easier to hide), personal defense, target shooting, and competition. Many aftermarket accessories allow users to customize the gun as they see fit. There are more and more manufacturers of M1911 type pistols and this model continues to be very popular due to its reliability, simplicity, and patriotic appeal. Various tactical, target and compact models are available. Prices range from a low end of approximately $ 400 for a basic gun imported from the Philippines or Turkey (Armscor, Tisas, Rock Island Armory, Girsan, Spartan STI, Seraphim Armory) to over $ 4,000 for best competition or tactical versions (Wilson Combat, Ed Brown, Les Baer, ​​â € <â € Due to the increasing demand for the M1911 pistol among the Army Special Operations units, known to coat the various M1911 pistols, the US Army Marksmanship Unit began looking to develop a new generation of M1911 and launched the M1911-A2 project in late 2004. The goal was to produce at least seven variants with a variety of sights, internal and external extractors, flat and curved parent housing, integral and add-on magazine wells, various finishes and other options, with the idea of ​​providing end users the option to select features that best fit their mission. AMU performed a well-received demonstration of the first group of pistols to the Marine Corps at Quantico and various Special Operations units at Ft. Bragg and other locations. The project provides a feasibility study with insights into future projects. Models are loaned to various Special Operations units, whose results are classified. RFP issued to Shared Combat gun but finally canceled. Currently the unit is experimenting with a M1911 pistol in.40 which will combine the lessons learned from A2 project. Ultimately, the M1911A2 project provides a test bed to enhance the existing M1911s. The improved M1911 variant becomes available in the future is a possibility. From the beginning, M1911 has given itself for easy customization. Alternate sights, grips, and other after-sales accessories are the most common parts on offer. Since the 1950s and the advent of competitive gun shooting, many companies have offered the M1911 as a basic model for great customization. These modifications can range from altering external finishes, checking frames, and hand hammering custom hammers, triggers, and Sears. Some modifications include installing compensators and adding accessories such as tactical lights and even coverage. The general modification of John Browning's design is to use a full length guide rod that runs the entire length of the recoil spring. This adds weight to the front of the gun, but does not improve accuracy, and makes the pistol a bit more difficult to dismantle. Custom weapons can cost more than $ 5000 and are built from the ground up or on existing base models. The main companies that offer the special M1911 are: Custom Shop Springfield, Ed Brown, International STI, Custom Nighthawk, Wilson Combat, and Les Baer. The IPSC model is offered by Strayer Voigt Inc (Infinity Firearms) and STI International. Maps M1911 pistol
Design
The basic M1911 Browning design has undergone little change during the production period. The basic principle of a gun is a reverse operation. As the larger combustion gases force the bullet through the barrel, they provide reverse momentum to the slide and barrel that are locked together during this part of the combustion cycle. Once the bullet has left the barrel, the slides and barrel continue to the back of the short distance.
At this point, a link rotates the rear of the barrel down, out from locking the niches on the slide, and the barrel is stopped by making contact with the lower barrel barrel to the vertical stretch of the frame. As the slide continues to the back, the claw extractor pulls the casing spent from the shot room and an ejector attacks the back of the casing, twisting it out and away from the gun through the ejection port. Slide stopped and then pushed forward by the spring to remove the new cartridge from the magazine and put it into the firing room. At the front end of his journey, the keys slide into the barrel and ready to shoot again. However, if the burned round is the last round in the magazine, the slide will lock the back position, which tells the shooter to reload by issuing a blank magazine and inserting the magazine loaded, and facilitating (by being backed up) to recharge the space, achieved by pulling the slide slightly back and release, or by pressing the slide stop, which releases the slide to move forward under spring pressure, remove the new cartridge from the magazine and insert it into the firing space.
No type of fasteners of any kind in the 1911 design, except for a screw handle. The main component of 1911 was held in place by the power of spring retreat. The gun can be "stripped" by pulling some slides, releasing slides, and then removing the barrel bushing. The full disassembly (and subsequent reassembly) of the gun to its component parts can be solved by using some manually-issued components as a means to complete the disassembly.
The military mandates security grip and manual security. Security grip, sliding, slide, half-cock position, and manual security (located on the left rear of the frame) are present on all standard M1911A1. Some companies have developed security pin firing pins. Colt's 80 series uses single-operated triggers and several other manufacturers, including Kimber and Smith & amp; Wesson, use the Swartz-pin shooting safety, which is operated by the security grip. A language that reminds not to pull the trigger with a second finger inserted into the original M1911 manual, and then manually until the 1940s.
The same basic design has been offered commercially and has been used by other military. In addition to.45 ACP (Colt Automatic Pistol), models are provided for.38 Super, 9ÃÆ'â € "19mm Parabellum, 7.65mm Parabellum, 9mm Steyr,.400 Corbon, and other cartridges are offered. The M1911 was developed from a Colt design that previously fired rounds like.38 ACP. The design beat many other competitors during the period of government elections, during the late 1890s and early 1900s, until the adoption of a pistol. M1911 officially replaced various revolvers and pistols in the branches of the US armed forces, although a number of other designs have been seen used in certain niches.
On March 18, 2011, the state of Utah USA - as a way to honor the John Browning M1911 designer, who was born and raised in the state - adopted Browning M1911 as "Utah's official firearm".
Similar gun
- AMT Hardballer
- Ballester-Molina
- ObregÃÆ'³n pistol
- Vis gun
- Kongsberg Colt
See also
- List of US Army weapons with supply catalog markup (SNL B-6)
- Solid Concept 1911DMLS
- Hand and rifle handguns
References
Further reading
- Meadows, Edward S. AS. Automatic Military Pistol: 1894-1920 . Richard Ellis Publications, 1993.
- The Bluejackets' Manual , 12th ed. Annapolis, MD: Institute of the United States Navy, 1944.
External links
- Colt Model 1911 pages on Sam Lisker's Colt Automatic Pistols site (coltautos.com)
- M1911 Magazine FAQ
- The 1904 Thompson-LaGarde Cadet Test
- the Organization Pistol M1911 main page, detailed animated images of all operational sections and Syd's 1911 Notebook on M1911.org
- Exploded-View Diagram from M1911 from American Rifleman
- Black Army Colt 1911
- Colt Model 1911A1 pistol (infographic technology. drawing)
- Colt Model 1911 pistol (infographic technology. drawing)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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