Passport

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Passport is a travel document, usually issued by the state government, which certifies the identity and nationality of the holder primarily for international travel purposes. A standard passport may contain information such as the name of the holder, place and date of birth, photographs, signatures, and other identifying information. Many countries are moving towards including biometric information in embedded microchips in passports, making them machineable and hard to forge. In 2017, there are more than 120 jurisdictions that issue this e-Passport. The previously issued passport usually remains valid until each expires.

Holders of passports are usually entitled to enter a country issuing a passport, although some people entitled to a passport may not be full citizens who have a place to live. Passports do not by themselves make any rights in the countries visited or require the state of the matter in any way, such as providing consular assistance. Some passports prove their status as diplomats or other officials, entitled to privileges and privileges such as immunity from arrest or prosecution.

Many countries usually allow entry to passport holders of other countries, sometimes requiring visas also to be obtained, but this is not an automatic right. Many additional conditions, such as may not be a public expense for financial or other reasons, and holders who have never been convicted of a crime, may apply. If a country knows no other, or is at loggerheads with it, it may prohibit the use of their passport to travel to that other country, or may prohibit entry into the passport holder of that other State, and sometimes to others owning, for example , visiting other countries.

Some countries and international organizations issue travel documents that are not standard passports, but allow their holders to travel internationally to countries that recognize the document. For example, stateless people usually do not issue a national passport, but may be able to obtain refugee travel documents or previous "Nansen passports" that allow them to travel to countries that recognize the document, and sometimes to return to the publisher.

Passports are often requested in other circumstances to confirm identification such as check in to the hotel or when changing money into local currency.

Video Passport

History

One of the earliest known references to documents presented in a role similar to a passport is found in the Hebrew Bible. Nehemiah 2: 7-9, dating from about 450 BC, states that Nehemiah, an official who served King Artaxerxes I of Persia, asked for permission to travel to Judea; the king gives leave and gives him a letter "to the governors outside the river" asking for a safe path for him when he travels through their land.

In Medieval Islamic Caliphate, the form of a passport is bara'a , a receipt for tax paid. Only those who pay taxes on zakat (for Muslims) or jizya (for dzimmi) are allowed to travel to the Khilafah regions; thus, receipt of bar is "a travel passport".

The etymological source indicates that the term "passport" is derived from the medieval documents necessary to pass through the gate (or "porte") of the city wall or to pass through a territory. In medieval Europe, these documents were issued to foreign tourists by local authorities (as opposed to local residents, such as modern practice) and generally contained city and city list of document holders allowed to enter or pass. Overall, documents are not required for travel to seaports, which are regarded as open trading points, but documents are required to travel overland from seaports.

King Henry V of England is credited for having discovered what is considered the first passport in the modern sense, as a means of helping his people prove who they are in a foreign land. The earliest references to these documents are found in the 1414 Act of Parliament. In 1540, the provision of travel documents in England became the role of the United Kingdom Advisory Council, and it was around this time that the term "passport" was used. In 1794, issuing a British passport became the work of the Office of the Secretary of State. 1548 The Imperial Diet of Augsburg requires the public to retain imperial documents for travel, with the risk of permanent exile.

During World War I, European governments introduced the requirements of border passports for security reasons, and to control the emigration of people with useful skills. These controls remained in place after the war, becoming standardized, though controversial, procedures. The British tourists in the 1920s complained, especially about the attached photographs and physical descriptions, which were thought to cause "evil dehumanization".

In 1920, the League of Nations held a conference on passports, the Paris Conference on Passport & amp; Customs and Ticket Formality. Passport guidelines and general booklet designs result from conferences, which were followed up by conferences in 1926 and 1927.

While the UN convened a travel conference in 1963, no passport guideline was produced from it. Standardization of passports emerged in 1980, under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). ICAO standards include machine-readable passports. Such passports have an area where some written information in textual form is written as a string of alphanumeric characters, printed in a manner suitable for optical character recognition. This allows border controllers and other law enforcement agencies to process this passport more quickly, without having to manually enter information onto a computer. ICAO publishes Doc 9303 Machine Readable Travel Documents , technical standards for machine-readable passports. The newer standard is a biometric passport. It contains biometrics to authenticate travelers identity. Important passport information is stored on small RFID computer chips, such as information stored on smartcards. Like some smartcards, the design of passport booklets calls for embedded contactless chips that are capable of storing digital signature data to ensure passport integrity and biometric data.

Maps Passport

Publishing

Historically, the legal authority to issue passports was based on the executive policy execution of each country (or Crown prerogative). Certain legal doctrines follow, namely: first, the passport is issued in the name of the state; secondly, no person has the legal right to issue a passport; third, the government of each country, in exercising its executive policy, has a complete and unfettered policy to refuse to issue or revoke a passport; and fourth, that the final policy is not subject to judicial review. However, legal scholars including A.J. Arkelian argues that the evolution in both the constitutional laws of democratic states and international law that applies to all countries now makes history obsolete and haram.

In some circumstances some countries allow people to store more than one passport document. This can apply, for example, to people who travel frequently for business, and may need to have, say, a passport to travel while others are waiting for a visa for another country. UK for example may issue a second passport if the applicant can demonstrate supporting requirements and documentation, such as a letter from the employer.

National conditions

Many countries only issue one passport for each country (the exception is the Family Pass , see below under "Type"). When the passport holders apply for a new passport (usually, due to the expiry of an old passport or lack of blank pages), they may be required to submit an old passport for cancellation. In some circumstances, an expired passport does not need to be submitted or canceled (for example, if it contains a visa that has not yet been issued).

Under the laws of most countries, passports are government property, and may be restricted or revoked at any time, usually on a certain basis, and may need to be reviewed. In many countries, the handover of a passport is a condition of granting a guarantee in lieu of imprisonment for pending criminal proceedings.

Each country sets its own requirements for passport issues. For example, Pakistan requires applicants to be interviewed before a Pakistani passport will be granted. When applying for a national passport or ID card, all Pakistanis must sign an oath that declares Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a fraud prophet and all Ahmadis to be non-Muslims.

Some countries restrict the issuance of passports, in which incoming and outgoing international travels are regulated, such as North Korea, where passports use the public is the privilege of a small number of people trusted by the government. Other countries stipulate a requirement on some citizens to be granted passports, such as Finland, where the male citizens aged 18-30 years must prove that they have completed, or been relieved of, their compulsory service to be granted unlimited passports; if not passports issued only until the end of their 28th year, to ensure that they returned for military service. Other countries with conscription, such as Syria, have similar requirements.

National status

Passport contains statements of citizenship from the holder. In most countries, there is only one citizenship class, and only one type of ordinary passport is issued. However, there are some types of exceptions:

Many nationalities in one country

The British Empire has a number of British national classes because of its colonial history. As a result, the UK publishes a variety of passports similar in appearance but represents a different nationality status, which in turn, has led to foreign governments to hold different British passport subjects for different admission requirements.

Multiple passport types, one citizenship

The People's Republic of China (PRC) authorizes the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong and Macao to issue passports to their permanent residents with Chinese citizenship under a "one country, two systems" arrangement. The visa policy imposed by foreign authorities in Hong Kong and Macau's permanent residents holding the passport is different from those holding ordinary passports of the People's Republic of China. The Hong Kong Special Region Administration Passport (HKSAR passport) allows visa-free access to more countries than a regular PRC passport.

The three constituent nations of Danish Nature share the same nationality. Denmark is a member of the European Union, but Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not. Danish residents living in Greenland or the Faroe Islands can choose between holding a Danish European Union passport and a non-EU Danish passport Greenlandic or Faroese.

Special national class through investment

In rare cases, citizenship is available through investment. Some investors have been described in the Tonga passport as 'Tonga-protected', a status which does not necessarily bring the right to live in Tonga.

Passport without sovereign territory

Some unscrupulous entities of sovereign territory are portrayed as passports, notably the Iroquois League, the Aboriginal Provisional Government in Australia and the Sovereign Sovereignty Order of Malta. Such documents should not be accepted for entry into a country.

Validity

Passports have limited validity, usually between 5 and 10 years.

Many countries require the validity of a passport remaining no less than six months on arrival, as well as having at least two to four blank pages.

Value

One method of measuring passport 'value' is to calculate the 'visa-free score' (VFS), which is the number of countries that allow the holders of the passport entry for public tourism without the need for a visa. The strongest and weakest passports are as follows:

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Type

A rough standardization exists in this type of passport worldwide, although the passport type, page count and definition may vary by country.

Full passport

• Passport (also called a tourist passport or regular passport) - The most common form of passport, issued to citizens and other citizens. Sometimes, children are enrolled in a parent's passport, making it the equivalent of a family passport.
• Official passport (also called service passport) - Issued to government employees for work-related travel, and accompanying dependents.
• Diplomatic passport - Issued for a country diplomat and his accompanying dependents for international official travel and residence. Accredited diplomats of a particular class may be granted diplomatic immunity by the host country, but this is not automatically granted by holding a diplomatic passport. All diplomatic rights apply in the country accredited by the diplomat; elsewhere the holders of diplomatic passports must comply with the same rules and travel procedures as required by other nationals in their country. Holding the diplomatic passport itself does not grant any special rights. At some airports, there is a passport checkpoint for holders of diplomatic passports.
• Emergency passport (also called temporary passport) - Issued to a person whose passport is lost or stolen, with no time to obtain a replacement. Laissez-passer is also used for this purpose.
• Collective passports - Published for groups determined to travel together to a specific destination, such as a group of school children on a school trip.
• Family passport - Published for the whole family. There is one passport holder, who can travel alone or with other family members included in the passport. Non-passport family members can not use passports to travel without passport holders. Some countries are now issuing family passports; for example, all EU and Canadian states require that each child has his own passport.

Non-citizen passport

Latvia and Estonia

Non-citizens in Latvia and Estonia are individuals, mainly from ethnic Russians or Ukrainians, who are not Latvian or Estonian citizens but their families have lived in the area since the Soviet era, and thus have the right to a non-citizen passport issued by the Latvian government as well as other special rights. About two-thirds of them are ethnic Russians, followed by ethnic Belarusians, ethnic Ukrainians, ethnic Poles and ethnic Lithuanians.

Non-citizens in two countries are issued non-citizen-specific passports as opposed to regular passports issued by the authorities of Estonia and Latvia to the citizens. This practice has been described as xenophobia.

American Samoa

Although all US citizens are also US citizens, the reverse is not true. As specified in 8 USC Ã, §Ã, 1408, a person whose only connection to the US is through birth in remote ownership (defined in 8 USC Ã,§ 1101 as American Samoa and Swains Island, the latter being administered as part of American Samoa), or through the offspring of a person born, acquire US citizenship but not US citizenship. This was once the case in only four US-owned or other abroad at this time.

A US passport issued to a non-citizen citizen contains a code of 9 endorsement which states: "BEARER IS A STATE UNITED STATES AND NOT UNITED STATES." on the annotation page.

Non-US citizens may live and work in the United States without limitation, and may apply for citizenship under the same rules as foreigners. Like foreign residents, they are currently not allowed by the US state to vote in federal or state elections, although, as with foreign residents, there is no constitutional ban against them doing so.

United Kingdom

Due to the complexity of British national law, Britain has six variants of British nationality. However, of these variants, only the status known as a British citizen gives the right to live in a certain country or region (England) while others do not. Therefore, the British issued British passports to those who were British citizens but not British citizens, including British Foreign citizens, English citizens abroad, Britons, English citizens (Overseas) and the British protected.

Other travel document types

• Laissez-passer - Issued by a national government or international organization (such as U.N.) as an emergency passport, traveling on humanitarian grounds, or for official travel.
• Interpol Travel Documents - Published by Interpol to police for official travel, enabling them to pass certain visa restrictions in certain member countries while investigating transnational crime.
• Identity certificates (also called foreign passports, or unofficially, Travel Documents) - Issued under certain circumstances, such as without a country, for non-citizens. An example is the "Nansen passport" (photo). Sometimes issued as an internal passport for non-residents.
• Refugee travel documents - Being released to a refugee by the country in which he currently resides allows them to travel outside the country and return. Needed because refugees are unlikely to be able to obtain passports from their nationality status.
• Permissions. Many types of travel permits exist all over the world. Some, such as US Reentry and Japan Re-entry Permit, allow residents from countries that can not get permission to travel abroad and return. Others, such as Bangladesh Special Passports, Two-way Licenses, and Taibaozheng (Taiwan Compatition Displacement Permit), are used for travel to and from certain countries or locations, for example to travel between mainland China and Macau, or between Taiwan and China.
• China Travel Document - Published by the People's Republic of China to Chinese citizens as a passport replacement.
• Haj passport - a special passport only used for pilgrimage of Hajj and Umrah to Mecca and Medina.

Intra-sovereign territory travel in need of passport

For some countries, passports are required for certain types of travel between their sovereign territories. Two examples of these are:

• Hong Kong and Macau, China's two special administrative regions (SARs), have their own immigration control systems different from each other and mainland China. Traveling between the three is technically not international, so residents of three locations do not use passports to travel between the three places, instead of using other documents, such as the Mainland Travel Permit (for Hong Kong and Macau people). Foreigners are required to present their passport with a valid visa at the immigration control point.
• Malaysia, where arrangements were agreed upon during the formation of the state, the states of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia were allowed to maintain their respective immigration control systems. Therefore, passports are required for foreigners while traveling from Peninsular Malaysia to East Malaysia, as well as traveling between Sabah and Sarawak. For social/business visits of not more than 3 months, Malaysian Peninsula residents are required to create Malaysian identity cards or, for children under 12 years of birth certificates, and obtain special immigration forms to be kept until departure. However, a person may indicate a Malaysian passport or a Limited Travel Document and get an entry stamp on travel documents to avoid the hassle of saving an extra sheet of paper. For other purposes, residents of Peninsular Malaysia must have a long-term residence permit along with a passport or Limited Travel Document.
• Norfolk Island, one of the external territories, the territory of self-government, has its own immigration control. Until 2018, Australians and New Zealanders traveling to the region are required to carry a passport, or Australian Identity Document, while persons from other countries should also have a valid Australian visa and/or a Norfolk Island Population Visa.

Internal passport

Internal passports are issued by several countries as identity documents. An example is the internal passport of Russia or other post-Soviet countries originating from the imperial age. Some countries use internal passports to control migration in a country. In some countries, an international passport or a passport to travel abroad is a second passport, other than an internal passport, which is necessary for a citizen to travel abroad in a country of residence. A separate passport for traveling abroad exists or exists in the following countries:

• Russia: see Russian passport
• Ukraine: see the Ukrainian passport
• In the Soviet Union, there were several types of international passports: ordinary passports, passports of civil servants, passports of diplomas, and passports of a sailor. See Passport system in USSR.
• The Eastern Bloc countries have an internal/international passport system similar to that of the Soviet Union.

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Design and format

International Civil Aviation Organization Standards

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) issued passport standards that were treated as recommendations to the national government. The size of the passport booklet is usually in accordance with the ISO/IEC 7810 ID-3 standard, which sets the size 125 × 88à ¢ â, "(4,921 ÃÆ'â €" 3,465 in). This size is the B7 format. Passport card issued with ID-1 standard (credit card).

• The standard passport book format includes a cover, which contains the name of the issuing country, national symbol, document description (eg passport, diplomatic passport), and biometric passport symbol, if applicable. Inside, there is a title page, also naming the country. The data page follows, containing information about the carrier and the issuing authority. There is a blank page for the visa, and to stamp the entry and exit. The passport has a numeric or alphanumeric pointer ("serial number") assigned by the issuing authority.
• Machine-readable passport standards have been issued by ICAO, with the area set aside where most of the information written as text is also printed in a manner suitable for optical character recognition.
• Biometric passports (or e-Passports) have contactless chips attached to conform to ICAO standards. These chips contain data about passport bearers, portraits of photography in digital format, and data about the passport itself. Many countries are now issuing biometric passports, to speed permits through immigration and identity fraud prevention. This reason is denied by privacy advocates.

General design

Passport booklets from virtually every country in the world display the national emblem of the country that issued it on the front cover. The United Nations holds national emblem records.

There are several groups of countries, which, by mutual agreement, have adopted a common design for their own state passports:

• The European Union. The design and layout of passports of EU Member States is the result of consensus and recommendation, not directive. Passports are issued by member countries and may consist of regular passport books or newer passport card formats. The cover of a regular passport booklet is burgundy red (except for Croatia that has a blue cover), with "EU" written in a national language or language. Below are the names of countries, national symbols, words or words for "passports", and, at the bottom, symbols for biometric passports. The data page can be in front of or behind the passport book and there are significant design differences throughout to indicate which member country is the publisher. Member States that participate in the Schengen Agreement have agreed that their e-Passport must contain fingerprint information in the chip.
• In 2006, members of the CA-4 Agreement (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua) adopted a common passport, called the Central American passport, following designs that have been used by Nicaragua and El Salvador since the mid-1990s. It features a navy blue cover with the words "AmÃÆ' Â © rica Central" and a map of Central America, and with the territory of the country issuing highlighted gold (in place of individual nation 's mantle' weapons). At the bottom of the cover is the name of the issuing country and the type of passport.
• Members of the Andean Nation Community (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) began publishing a publicly designed passport in 2005. Specifications for the format of a common passport are described in the Andorra Council of Foreign Ministers meetings in 2002. Previously national passports enclosed shall be valid until the expiration date. Andean passport is bordeaux (burgundy red), with golden words. Focused on the national seal of the issuing country is the name of the regional body in Spain ( Comunidad Andina ). Below the seal is the official name of the member country. At the bottom of the cover is the Spanish word "pasaporte" along with the British "passport". Venezuela has issued an Andean passport, but then left the Andean Community, so they will no longer issue an Andean passport.
• The United Nations United States intends to make a joint passport design, but it seems that implementation will take years.

• The members of the Caribbean Society (CARICOM) have recently started issuing passports with a general design. It features the CARICOM symbol along with the national emblem and member country name, given in CARICOM official language (English, French, Dutch). The member countries that use the general design are Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. There is a movement by the Organization of the Eastern Caribbean Countries (OECS) to issue a commonly designed passport, but the implementation of CARICOM passports makes it excessive, and it is abandoned.

Request page

Passports sometimes contain messages, usually near the front, requesting that the passport holder be allowed to pass freely, and further requesting that, if necessary, the carrier is given assistance. The message is sometimes made on behalf of the government or head of state, and can be written in more than one language, depending on the language policy of the issuer.

Language

In 1920, an international conference on passports and tickets organized by the League of Nations recommended that passports be issued in French, historically diplomatic language, and one other language. Currently, ICAO recommends that the passport be published in English and French, or in the national language of the country issuing it and in English or French. Many European countries use their national language, along with English and French.

Some unusual language combinations are:

• The passports of EU countries bear all the official languages ​​of the European Union. Two or three languages ​​are printed at relevant points, followed by a reference number that leads to the passport page where the translation to the remaining language appears. In addition to the official EU language, British passports contain Welsh and Scottish Gaelic.
• Barbadian passports and US passports are tri-lingual: English, French, and Spanish. The US passports have traditionally been English and French, but began to be printed with Spanish messages and labels during the late 1990s, in recognition of Spanish-language Puerto Rican status. Only messages and labels in different languages, cover pages and instructions printed in English only.
• In Belgium, all three official languages ​​(Dutch, French, German) appear on the cover, in addition to English on the main page. The official language sequence depends on the official residence of the holder.
• The passports of Bosnia and Herzegovina are in three official languages ​​(Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian), in addition to English.
• Brazil passport contains four languages: Portuguese, official language of the country, Spain, in accordance with neighboring countries, England and France.
• Cyprus passport in Greek, Turkish, and English.
• The first page of the Libyan passport is only in Arabic. The last page (the first page from the western point of view) has English equivalent to the information on the first page of Arabic (western last page). Similar arrangements are found in the passports of several other Arab countries.
• Iraqi passport in Arabic, Kurdish, and English.
• The SAR passport in Macau has three languages: Chinese, Portuguese, and English.
• New Zealand passport in English and M? ori.
• Norwegian passports are in two forms of Norwegian, BokmÃÆ'  ¥ l and Nynorsk, and in English.
• The Sri Lankan passport is in Sinhala, Tamil, and English.
• Swiss passport in five languages: German, French, Italian, Romansh, and English.
• Syrian passport in Arabic, English, and French.

Immigration stamp

For immigration control, officials from many countries use incoming and outgoing stamps. Depending on the country, stamps may serve different purposes. For example, in the UK, the immigration stamps in the passport include official leave to be given to someone who is subject to entry control. In other countries, the stamp enables or recognizes the ongoing leave afforded in passport carrier passport.

Under the Schengen system, a foreign passport is stamped with a date stamp that does not indicate the duration of stay. This means that the person is deemed to have permission to remain either for three months or for the period indicated on his visa (whichever is shorter).

Visas often take the form of inked stamps, although some countries use adhesive stickers that incorporate security features to prevent counterfeiting.

EU Member States are not permitted to place stamps in the passport of a person who is not subject to immigration control. Stamping is prohibited because it is the imposition of controls that the person is not subject to.

Countries usually have different postage styles for entry and exit, to make it easier to identify people's movements. Ink colors can be used to determine modes of transportation (air, land or sea), such as in Hong Kong before 1997; while the border style did the same in Macau. Other variations include changing the size of a postage stamp to indicate length of stay, as in Singapore.

An immigration stamp is a useful travel reminder. Some tourists "collect" immigration stamps in passports, and will choose to enter or exit the country in different ways (eg, land, sea or air) to have different stamps in their passports. Some countries, such as Liechtenstein, who do not stamp a passport can provide a passport stamp on demand for such "memory" purposes. Monaco (in his tourist office) and Andorra (on its border) do this as well. This is an official stamp issued by a government office. However, some private companies may grant price passports on historic sites and this has no legal standing. It is possible that the warning stamps may preclude the passport bearer from traveling to certain countries. For example, Finland consistently rejects what they call 'fake passports', where travelers have been denied visas or admission because of a warning stamp and are required to renew their passports.

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Restrictions used

A passport is simply an identity document widely acknowledged for international travel purposes, and possession of a passport does not in itself entitle a traveler to enter any country other than the issuing country, and sometimes not even later. Many countries usually ask visitors to get a visa. Each country has different requirements or conditions for the grant of a visa, such as for a visitor who may not be a public expense for finances, health, family, or other reasons, and the holder has never been convicted of a crime or considered likely to do one.

Source of the article : Wikipedia