The use of defensive weapons ( DGU ) is the use or presentation of firearms to defend themselves, defend others or in some cases, protect property. The frequency of incidents involving DGU, and its effectiveness in providing security and reducing crime are controversial issues in arms and criminology politics. Different authors and studies use different criteria for what constitutes the use of defensive weapons which causes controversy in comparing statistical results. The perception of the use of defensive weapons is a recurring theme in discussions about weapons rights, gun control, armed police, open and hidden firearms.
Video Defensive gun use
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Estimates of the amount of use of defensive weapons vary wildly, depending on the definition of research on the use of defensive weapons, survey design, population, criteria, time periods studied, and other factors. Low-end estimates are in the range of 55,000 to 80,000 incidents per year, while high-end estimates reach 4.7 million per year. Discussions on the number and nature of the DGU and its implications for weapons control policies emerged in the late 1990s.
The DGU estimates of the National Crime Victims Survey (NCVS) are consistently lower than those from other studies. A 2000 study indicates that this may be because NCVS measures activities that are different from other surveys.
The National Self-Defense Survey and the NCVS, vary in their methods, closed time frames, and questions asked. DGU inquiries are requested from all NSDS samples. Because of the filtering question in the NCVS survey, only a small part of the NCVS sample was asked a DGU question.
Low-end estimates include that by David Hemenway, a professor of Health Policy at Harvard School of Public Health, which is estimated at about 55,000-80,000 such uses annually.
Other surveys including DGU questions are the National Survey of Private Ownership and Use of Firearms, NSPOF, conducted in 1994 by the Chiltons voting firm for the Police Foundation on a research grant from the National Institute of Justice. in 1997, NSPOF projected 4.7 million DGUs per year by 1.5 million individuals after weighting to eliminate false positives. Other estimates estimate about 1 million DGU incidents in the United States.
Klaus and Gertz, and Cook and Ludwig
A 1995 study commonly cited by Kleck and Gertz estimates that between 2.1 and 2.5 million DGU occur in the United States each year. After Kleck and Gertz calculate telescoping, their estimates are reduced to 2.1 million DGU per year. Kleck and Gertz conducted this survey in 1992, and Kleck began to publish an estimated 2.5 million DGU per year in 1993. In 1997, 2.5 million per year from Kleck & The Gertz study has been cited as fact by news articles, editorial authors, and Congressional Research Service. In addition to the NSDS and NCVS surveys, ten national and three country surveys summarized by Kleck and Gertz gave 764 thousand to 3.6 million DGUs per year. In the report "Weapons in America: National Survey of Private Ownership and Use of Firearms" by Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig, projecting the 4.7 million DGU that Cook and Ludwig explain by showing all NSPOF samples were asked DGU questions. Cook and Ludwig also compared US crime rates with the amount of DGU reported by Kleck and similar research and said that their estimates of DGU are very high.
Both Kleck and Gertz 'and Lott's research are highly controversial in the academic community. Hemenway has asserted that the Kleck and Gertz methodology suffers from some bias that leads them to exaggerate the number of DGUs, including telescoping, social desire bias, and the possibility that "some armed supporters will lie to help forecast upward bias." Hemenway argues that Kleck and Gertz's studies are unreliable and no conclusions can be drawn from him. He argues that there are too many "positive faults" in the survey, and finds the NCVS numbers more reliable, generating an estimated 100,000 defensive weapon use per year. Applying different adjustments, other social scientists point out that between 250,000 and 370,000 incidents per year. In 1996, Cook and Ludwig reported that based on their analysis of the Private National Firearms Survey, which "enters the sequence of DGU questions very similar to those used by Kleck and Gertz," they estimate that 4.7 million defensive weapons use occurred in United States per year. However, they question whether these estimates are reliable because the same survey showed that about 132,000 perpetrators were injured or killed at the hands of armed civilians in 1994. They note that this number is almost equal to the number of people hospitalized for gunshot wounds that year , but that "almost all of it exists as a result of a criminal attack, a suicide attempt, or an accident."
Kleck confirms the error in his criticism that the survey's estimate of the use of defensive weapons related to certain types of crimes, or that involves hurting offenders, is unreasonably large compared to the estimated total number of such crimes. The total number of nonfatal gunshot wounds, whether medically treated or not, is unknown, and no meaningful estimates can be obtained from surveys about the use of defensive weapons related to certain types of crimes, or that involve injuring offenders, since the sample size is too much. small. The fact that certain crime-specific estimates obtained from the Kleck survey are largely unreasonable at least in part reflects the small sample on which they base - no more than 196 cases. Kleck stated that his estimate of total use of defensive weapons is based on nearly 5,000 cases. Thus, he argues, the unreasonable character of some small subset predictions of the use of defensive weapons is not a valid critique of whether the total estimate of the use of defensive weapons makes no sense. or too high.
Marvin Wolfgang, recognized in 1994 by the British Journal of Criminology as "the most influential criminologist in the English-speaking world", commenting on Kleck's research on the use of defensive weapons: "I am as strong as a supporter of gun control as can be found among the criminologists in this country. [...] Kleck and Gertz's research impressed me to carefully train the exercises and the intricate nuances that they examine methodologically. I do not like their conclusion that owning Weapons can be useful, but I can not blame their methodology. They have tried earnestly to meet all previous objections and have done very well. "
A 1998 study by Philip Cook and Jens Ludwig replicated the Kleck and Gertz surveys, but also concluded that the results of this survey were too high. Similar conclusions are reached by the RAND Corporation 2018 report, which states that Kleck-Gertz estimates of 2.5 million DGUs per year, and other similar estimates, "make no sense given more reliable information, such as the total number of injured Americans or killed by guns every year. "The same report also states that" At the other extreme, the NCVS estimate of 116,000 DGU incidents per year is almost certain to underestimate the true figure, "concluding that"... there is still considerable uncertainty about the prevalence of DGU ".
Survey of National Crime Victims
A 1994 study examined NCVS data and concluded that between 1987 and 1990, there were about 258,460 incidents where firearms were used defensively in the United States, with an annual average of 64,615. The same study says that "Self defense weapons are rare compared to firearms crime." An article published by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, drawing the DGU from the NCVS, said: "In 1992 the perpetrator armed with a gun committed a record 931,000 violent crimes... On average in 1987-1992 about 83,000 victims of crime per year were used firearms to defend themselves or their property. Three-quarters of the victims who use firearms for defense do so during violent crimes; fourth, during theft, household robberies, or motor vehicle theft ". A 2013 study, also released by the BJS, found that less than 1% of nonfatal violent crime victims during the 2007-2011 period reportedly used weapons to defend themselves. The same study reported that "The percentage of victims of non-fatal violence involving the use of firearms in self-defense remained stable at below 2% from 1993 to 2011.", reported 235,700 cases of defensive use of firearms between 2007-2011
Cook and Ludwig said about the NCVS, NSPOF, and Kleck surveys: "A key explanation for the difference between 108,000 NCVS forecasts for the annual number of defensive weapons use and several million of the surveys discussed earlier is that the NCVS avoids false-positives by limiting the question of gun use defensive to those who first reported that they were victims of crime Most NCVS respondents never had the opportunity to answer questions about the use of firearms, wrong or otherwise. "
Clayton Cramer and David Barnett say that such structures can cause the NCVS to underestimate the use of defensive weapons, because someone who has managed to defend himself with a weapon may not consider themselves a "crime victim." In NCVS, if someone says that they have not been a victim of a crime, the survey assumes that no crime is tried and does not keep asking if they have used weapons to defend themselves. According to Jens Ludwig, the approximate frequency of DGU from NCVS seems to be too low, but those from telephone surveys (as did Kleck and Gertz) seem too high.
Lott's research
John Lott, an economist and defender of arms rights, argues in both Other Weapons, Less Crime and Bias Against Weapons that media coverage of weapons use defensive is rare, noting that in general, only shootings end with the casualties discussed in the news. In More Guns, Less Crime , Lott writes that "[s] ince in many cases a defensive gun just held up, and no one was harmed, much of the defensive use was never reported to the police".
Trying to measure this phenomenon, in the first edition of this book, published in May 1998, Lott wrote that "national survey" suggests that "98 percent of the time people use defense weapons, they just have to swing a weapon to break an attack." The higher the level of use of defensive weapons that do not end in the assailant being killed or injured, the easier it is to explain why the use of defensive weapons is not covered by the media without reference to media bias. Lott cites that number frequently in the media, including publications such as the Wall Street Journal and Los Angeles Times .
In 2002, he repeated the survey, and reported that brandishing enough weapons to stop the attacks 95% of the time. Other researchers criticized the methodology, saying that the sample size of 1,015 respondents is too small for research to be accurate and that the majority of similar studies show a value between 70 and 80 percent of brand-only. Lott explains the low interest rates found by others at least in part because of the different questions asked. Most surveys use the "Ever" recall period while some others (Hart, Mauser, and Tarrance) used five years earlier. The Field Institute survey used the previous year period, two years earlier and earlier. The NSPOF survey used a one-year recall period. Lott also uses a one-year recall period and asks respondents about personal experiences only, as respondents questioned remember the events of the past year and the knowledge of respondents about the experience of DGU from other household members.
Hemenway Research
In 2000, Hemenway published a survey that found that "Weapons are used to threaten and intimidate far more frequently than those used in self-defense"; also that year, he published another survey which found that "the use of criminal weapons is much more common than the use of self defense weapons." Both of these surveys argue that much use of defensive weapons may not be in the public interest. Also in 2000, Hemenway and his colleagues conducted a small survey that found that home weapons were used more often to intimidate family members (13 respondents) than to defend themselves (2 respondents). The same study states that the results show that most of the use of self defense weapons does not happen at home, and that non-weapon weapons are used more often to prevent crimes than weapons. Subsequent surveys by Hemenway et al. which included 5,800 Californian teenagers found that about 0.3% of these adolescents reported having used weapons to defend themselves, whereas, in the same study, 4% of the adolescents reported that someone had threatened them with weapons. In a 2015 study co-written with Sara Solnick, Hemenway analyzed data from the NCVS from 2007 to 2011 and identified only 127 DGU examples.
More
A study published in 2013 by the Center for Violence Policy, using five years of national statistics (2007-2011) compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation found that the use of defensive weapons occurs on average 67,740 times per year.
A 2004 study examined Phoenix, Arizona, newspaper records as well as police and court records, and found a total of 3 examples of the use of defensive weapons over a 3.5-month period. In contrast, Kleck and Gertz's research will predict that the police should pay attention to more than 98 murders or DGU incidents and 236 DGU dismissals on the other side during this time.
A 1995 study led by Arthur Kellermann, who investigated the 198 invasion crimes in Atlanta, Georgia, found that in only 3 of these cases victims used weapons for self-protection. Of the three, no one was hurt, but one lost property. The authors conclude that "Although firearms are often kept at home for protection, they are rarely used for this purpose."
A follow-up study in 1998 by Arthur Kellermann analyzed 626 shootings in three cities. The study found that "Whenever a weapon at home is used for self-defense or legally justifiable shootings, there are four unintentional shootings, seven criminal or murder attacks, and 11 attempted suicides."
The Gun Violence Archive, which uses incident reporting methodologies reported and verified by law enforcement or the media, reports substantially lesser amounts of defensive weapons use in the US than on polling studies. 1,980 and 2,043 incidents reported and verified respectively in 2016 and 2017.
Maps Defensive gun use
Benefits
The same data shows that DGU against criminals rarely also shows that it is often effective.
A 2002 study looking at DGU instances where convicted offenders were human rights defenders who found that DGU "is unlikely to provide the same social benefits, implying that estimates of prevalence may not simultaneously estimate social benefits." Another study published that same year found that DGU is an effective prevention tool against injury for some groups of people, but not others; prominent groups that did not benefit the DGU in the study included women, rural people, and those living in low-income homes. A 2009 study reported that gun owners were more likely to be shot in attacks than non-gun owners, and concluded that the likelihood of successful DGU for urban dwellers may be low. Another 2009 study of NCVS data found that DGU is "most often effective in assisting victims" in the context in which it occurs, with an average of 92% of victims reporting that their DGU has been beneficial to them. The 2013 National Research Council report found that studies looking at the effectiveness of different self-protection strategies have consistently found that survivors using guns have lower rates of injury than victims using other strategies. A 2015 study by Solnick and Hemenway analyzing NCVS data reported "little evidence that [DGU] is uniquely useful in reducing the likelihood of property injury or loss."
Predictors of defensive gun use
Individuals who use defense weapons tend not to have a very punishing attitude towards criminals, but people with condemnation may be somewhat more likely to have weapons, and, thus, to use them defensively. A 2009 study found no support for the "South honor culture" hypothesis, in which no significant relationship was seen between living in Southern South and the use of defensive weapons.
See also
- Castle Doctrine
- A justifiable murder
- Stand-your-ground law
- 2017 Chomutov incident
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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