Yellowjacket

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Yellowjacket or Yellow Jackets is a common name in North America for the social predator wasps of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula . Members of this genera are known only as "bb> wasps " in other English-speaking countries. Mostly black and yellow like eastern yellowjacket Vespula maculifrons and air yellowjacket Dolichovespula arenaria ; some black and white like bald bees, Dolichovespula maculata . Others may have a red belly background color instead of black. They can be identified by their distinctive signs, their occurrences only in the colony, and the characteristics, quick, side-to-side flight patterns before landing. All women are able to sting. Yellowjackets are important predators of insect pests.

Video Yellowjacket

Identify

Yellowjackets are sometimes mistakenly called "bees" (as in "bee meat"), given that they are similar in size and sting, but yellowjackets are actually wasps. They may be confused with other wasps, such as bees and paper wasps. Polistes dominula , a species of paper wasp, is often misidentified as yellowjacket. Typical yellowjacket workers have a length of about 12 mm (0.5 inches), with bands alternating in the abdomen; the larger queen, about 19 mm (0.75 inches) long (different patterns on their stomach help separate the various species). Workers are sometimes confused with honeybees, especially when flying in and out of their nests. Yellowjackets, in contrast to honeybees, have yellow or white markings, are not covered with brownish brown hair on their bodies, carry no pollen, and do not have flat hairy legs used to carry it.

This species has a spear like a spear with small thorns, and usually stings repeatedly, though sometimes the sting becomes nesting and pulls freely from the body of a wasp; toxins, like most bees and wasps, are especially harmful to humans who are allergic or stung multiple times. All species are yellow or white on their faces. Their mouths develop well with a strong mandible to catch and chew insects, with the probability to suck on nectar, fruit, and other juices. Yellowjacket builds nests in trees, shrubs, or in protected areas such as in man-made structures, or in soil cavities, tree stumps, mouse holes, etc. They built it from the wood fibers they chewed into pulp. Many other insects show aggressive protective mimicry, stinging yellowjacket; In addition to many bees and wasps (MÃÆ'¼llerian mimicry), this list includes several flies, moths, and beetles (Batesian mimicry).

The closest relatives of Yellowjackets, bees, are very similar to them, but have larger heads, seen mainly in large distances from the eyes to the back of the head.

Maps Yellowjacket

Cycles and habits

Yellowjackets are social hunters living in colonies containing workers, queens, and studs (drones). The colony is annual with only queens inseminated during the winter. Cultivated queens are found in protected areas such as logs, on stumps, under bark, in leaf litter, in soil cavities, and in manmade structures. The queen appears on warm days in late spring or early summer, choose a nest site, and create a small paper nest where they lay their eggs. After the eggs hatch from 30 to 50 stem cells, the queen feeds the young larvae for about 18 to 20 days. The larvae pupae, then appear later as the small, fertile female called the worker. Workers in the colony take over caring for larvae, feeding them with chewed meat or fruit. In mid-summer, the first adult worker emerges and carries out the task of nest expansion, feeding, caring for queens and larvae, and defense of colonies.

From this moment until his death in the fall, the queen remains in the nest, laying eggs. The colony then expanded rapidly, reaching a maximum size of 4000 to 5000 workers and 10,000 to 15,000 cell nests in late summer. (This is true for most species in most areas; however, Vespula squamata, in the southern part of its range, can build a much larger eternal colony inhabited by dozens of queens, tens of thousands workers, and hundreds of thousands of cells.) At peak size, reproductive cells are built with newly manufactured men and queens. The adult reproduction remains in the nest fed by the workers. The new queen built a reserve of fat to withstand winter. Adult reproduction leaves the parent's colony to mate. After mating, the man quickly dies, while the fertilized queen finds a sheltered place to withstand winter. Parent workers colonies are reduced, usually leaving the nest to die, as does the founding queen. Abandoned nests quickly decompose and disintegrate during the winter. They can survive as long as they stay dry, but rarely used again. In the spring, the cycle is repeated; Spring weather is the most important factor in colony formation.

The adult yellowjacket diet consists mainly of items rich in sugar and carbohydrates, such as fruits, flower nectar, and tree sap. Larvae eat protein derived from insects, meat, and fish, collected by adults, who chew and condition them before feeding them to the larvae. Many insects collected by adults are considered pest species, making yellowjacket useful for agriculture. The larva, in return, removes the sugar ingredients to be eaten by an adult; This exchange is a form of trophallaxis. At the end of the summer, workers looking for food to pursue other sources of food from meat to ripe fruit, or scavenging human trash, soda, picnic, etc., in addition to sugar is needed to build the next generation queens.

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Famous species

• the European yellowjackets, the German wasps ( Vespula germanica ), and the general wasps ( Vespula vulgaris ) originally from Europe, but now established in North America, Africa South, New Zealand, and eastern Australia
• Yellowjacket east ( Vespula maculifrons ), west yellowjacket ( Vespula pensylvanica ), and yellowjacket grassland ( Vespula atropilosa ) are native plants of the North America.
• South Yellowjacket ( Vespula squamosa )
• A bluish-headed bulb ( Dolichovespula maculata
• Yellowjacket air ( Dolichovespula arenaria )
• The wasp tree ( Dolichovespula sylvestris )

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Nest

Dolichovespula species such as air yellowjacket, D. arenaria, and bald bees tend to make affected air nests. This feature is shared with some true bees, which has caused naming confusion.

Vespula species, on the contrary, build hidden nests, usually underground.

Yellow nest den usually only last for one season, die in winter. The nest begins by a single queen, called the "founder". Usually, the nest can reach the size of a basketball at the end of the season. In parts of Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and the southwestern coastal regions of the United States, winters are light enough to allow nests through the winter. The nests that survive in some seasons become large and often have multiple queens laying eggs.

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In the United States

German yellowjacket ( V. Germanica ) first appeared in Ohio in 1975, and has now become the dominant species on the eastern yellowjacket. It's brave and aggressive, and can sting repeatedly and painfully. This will mark the aggressor and pursue them. This is often confused with Polistes dominula , an invasive species in the United States, because of their very similar patterns. German yellowjacket builds its nest in the cavities - not always underground - with a population of peak workers in temperate climates between 1,000 and 3000 individuals between May and August. Each colony produces several thousand new reproductions after this point through November. East Yellowjacket builds its nest underground, also with a peak working population of between 1000 and 3000 individuals, similar to the German yellowjacket. The nest is built entirely of wood fibers and is fully enclosed except for a small entrance at the bottom. The color of paper depends on the source of the wood fiber used. The nests contain several levels of horizontal comb in it. Larvae hang in the comb.

In the southeastern United States, where the southern yellow squares ( Vespula squamosa ) nests can survive during the winter, the colony's size of this species can reach 100,000 adult bees. The same nest expansion has occurred in Hawaii with invasive yellowjacket yellowjacket ( V. pensylvanica ).

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In popular culture

The most visible place in the yellow spot in American popular culture is as a mascot, most famous with Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, which is represented by Buzz mascot. Examples of other universities and universities include American International College, Baldwin-Wallace University, Black Hills State University, Cedarville University, Defiance College, Graceland University, Howard Payne University, LeTourneau University, Montana State University, Billings, Randolph-Macon College, University of Rochester, University of Wisconsin-Superior, West Virginia State University, and Waynesburg University.

Although not determined by the team, the mascot of the Columbus Blue Jackets, named "Stinger," is very similar to yellowjacket. In the years since its original yellow incarnation, the color of the mascot has turned into a light green, apparently incorporating the original yellow insect and blue team.

Note that yellowjacket is often spelled as two words (yellow jacket) in popular culture and even in some dictionaries. Appropriate entomological spelling, according to the Entomological Society of America, is as one word (yellowjacket).

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See also

• General tabs ( V. vulgaris )
• Biological pest control
• Pellucens Volucella

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References

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External links

• "Yellowjackets and Hornets of Florida" on the UF/IFAS Feature Creatures website
• The Success of Germany's Yellow Jacket Disposal by Toxic Feed

Source of the article : Wikipedia