An amphora (Greek: ????????, amphorÃÆ'Â © us ; plural English: amphorae or amphoras ) is a type of container of shape and size characteristics, down from at least as early as the Neolithic Period. Amphorae is used in large quantities for transport and storage of various products, both liquid and dry, but mostly for wine. They are most often ceramic, but examples in metals and other materials have been found. The amphorae version is one of the many forms used in Ancient Greek vase paintings.
Amphora complete a large storage container, pithos, which provides a capacity of between one and a half and two and a half tons. Instead, the amphora stays below half a ton, typically less than 50 kilograms (100 lbs). The bodies of both types have the same shape. Where the pithos may have some small loops or lugs to tie the harness strap, the amphora has two broad grips that connect the shoulders of the body and the long neck. Broad pithoi neck for scooping or bucket access. The amphorae's neck is narrow to be poured by the person holding it at the bottom and the handle. Several variants exist. The handle may not exist. The size may require two or three handlers to lift. For the most part, however, an amphora is a tableware, or sitting near the table, is meant to be seen, and is decorated so well as it is by a master painter.
Stoppers of perishable materials, which rarely persist, are used to cover the contents. Two main types of amphorae exist: neck amphora , where the neck and body meet at a sharp angle; and one-piece amphora , in which the neck and body form a continuous curve. Neck amphorae is commonly used in the early history of ancient Greece, but was gradually replaced by a one-piece type from about the 7th century BC and beyond.
Most are produced with a pointy base to allow upright storage by implanting in soft soil, such as sand. The base facilitates transportation by ship, where amphorae are packed upright or on their sides in as many as five layers staggering. If erect, the base may be held by some kind of shelf, and the rope passes through their grip to prevent a shift or crash in rough seas. Heather and reeds can be used as packing around the vase. Shelves can be used in kitchens and stores. This base also concentrates the deposition of liquids with suspended solid particles, such as olive oil and grapes.
Amphorae is very beneficial for maritime archaeologists, as it often shows the age of shipwreck and the geographic origin of cargo. Sometimes they are so well preserved that the original content is still there, providing information about groceries and trading systems. Amphorae are too cheap and many to return to their point of origin and so, when empty, they are broken down at the destination. In a ruined location in Rome, Testaccio, close to the Tiber, pieces, then dampened with calcium hydroxide (Calce viva), remains to make up the hill which is now named Monte Testaccio, 45 m (148 ft) high and more than 1 kilometer across circumference.
Video Amphora
Etymology
Amphora is a Greco-Roman word developed in ancient Greece during the Bronze Age. The Romans acquired it during Hellenization that took place in the Roman Republic. Cato was the first literary man known to use it. The Romans changed the Greek form to standard-the word declaration, amphora , pl. amphorae . Undoubtedly, the word and vase were introduced to Italy through the Greek settlement there, which is widely traded in Greek pottery.
It is remarkable that although Etruscan imports, manufactures, and exports amphorae extensively in their wine industry, and the names of other Etruscanized Greek vases, no Etruscan form of the word exists. There may be an original Etruscan word that has not been identified for a vase that adopts the amphora adoption.
The Latin word comes from the Greek amphoreus ( ???????? ), a short form of amphiphoreus ( ?????????? ), a compound word that combines amphi- phoreus (" carrier "), from pherein (" to carry "), referring to the two vessels carrying the handle on the opposite side. The amphora appears as ????? , a-pi-po-re-we , in Linear B Brotherhood Note Knossos, ???? , a-po-re-we , in Mycenae, and fragmentary ] - re-we in Pylos, defined by Ideogram 209 ? , Bennett's AMPHORA, which has a number of scribal variants. Both spellings are amphiphor transcription? Wes (plural) and amphor? We (dual) in Mycenaean Greek that can be seen that the short form is valid on the land. Homer uses a long form for geometric reasons, and Herodotus has a short form. The Ventris and Chadwick translations "are brought on both sides."
Maps Amphora
Weight and size
Amphorae varies greatly. The largest stature is as high as 1.5 meters (5 feet) tall, while some less than 30 cm (12 inches) tall - the smallest is called amphoriskoi (literally "small amphorae"). Mostly about 45 cm (18 inches) tall.
There are significant standardizations in several variants; amphora wine has a standard size of about 39 liters (41 US qt), thus raising the amphora quadrant as a unit of measure in the Roman Empire. Overall, about 66 amphora species have been identified.
Furthermore, this term also means an ancient Roman measurement unit for fluids. The Roman amphora volume is one cubic foot, c. 26,026 L.
Production
Roman amphorae is a terracotta container that is cast the wheel. During the production process, the body is made first and then allowed to partially dry. Then the clay roll is added to form the neck, rim, and handle. Once amphora is complete, the maker then treated the interior with a resin that will prevent the permeation of stored liquids. The reconstruction of these stages of production is primarily based on studies of modern amphora production in some areas of the eastern Mediterranean.
Amphorae is often characterized by various stamps, sgraffito, and inscriptions. They provide information about production, content, and further marketing. Stamps are usually applied to amphoras in a partially dry stage. This shows the name figlina (workshop) and/or the name of the workshop owner. Painted stamps, titit picti , notes the weight of the container and its contents, and is applied after the amphora is filled.
Classification
The first systematic classification of Roman amphorae types was performed by German scholar Heinrich Dressel. Following the extraordinary amphora deposits found in Rome at Castro Pretorio in the late 1800s, he collected nearly 200 inscriptions of amphorae and incorporated them into the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum . In his study of amphora deposits he was the first to elaborate the classification type, called "Dressel Table", which is still in use today for many types.
Subsequent research on Roman amphorae has resulted in a more detailed classification, usually named after scholars who studied it. For a neo-Phoenician type see the work by MaÃÆ' Â ± published in 1951, and a classification revised by van der Werff in 1977-1978. The Galical amphorae has been studied by Laubenheimer in a study published in 1989, while Cretan amphorae has been analyzed by Marangou-Lerat. BeltrÃÆ'n studied the Spanish species in 1970. The types of Adriatic have been studied by Lamboglia in 1955. For a general analysis of the Western Mediterranean type, look at Panella, and Peacock and Williams.
History
The origins of prehistory
Ceramic shapes and uses fall within the amphorae range, with or without grip, are a prehistoric heritage throughout Eurasia, from the Caucasus to China. For example, kvevri, common in the Republic of Georgia and the Caucasus, can be traced back to about 6000 BC. Amphorae dated around 4800 BC have been found in Banpo, a Neolithic site of Yangshao culture in China. Amphorae first appeared on the coast of Phoenician in about 3500 BC.
In Bronze and Iron Sheets amphorae spread around the ancient Mediterranean world, used by ancient Greeks and Romans as the primary means of transporting and storing wine, olive oil, wine, oil, olives, grains, fish, and other commodities. They were manufactured on an industrial scale until about the 7th century. The wood and leather containers seem to have replaced the amphorae afterwards.
They influence Chinese ceramics and other East Asian ceramic cultures, especially as a form of luxury for high-quality decorative ceramics, and continue to be produced there long after they stop being used further west.
Ancient Greek <: spaces: Ancient_Greece: _fancy_shapes_for_painting "> Ancient Greek: luxurious form for painting
In addition to the rugged amphorae used for storage and transportation, for the most part, high quality painted amphorae are produced in Ancient Greece in significant quantities for various social and ceremonial purposes. Their designs are very different from the more functional versions; they are represented by a wide and ringed mouth, with a glass surface and decorated with numbers or geometric shapes. They usually have a strong base where they can stand. amphorae is used as a gift in the Panathenaic Festival held between the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC, filled with olive oil from the sacred forest. The surviving examples contain the inscription "I am one of the gifts from Athena", and usually describe the special events they get.
Painted amphorae are also used for burial purposes, often in special types such as loutrophoros . Especially in earlier periods, large vases were used as grave markers, while some amphorae were used as containers for the ashes of the dead. In the Roman period most vase paintings have been extinguished, and the utilitarian amphorae is usually the only type produced.
Greek amphora type
Different types of amphorae are popular at different times: