Amphora

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An amphora (Greek: ????????, amphorÃÆ'Â © us ; plural English: amphorae or amphoras ) is a type of container of shape and size characteristics, down from at least as early as the Neolithic Period. Amphorae is used in large quantities for transport and storage of various products, both liquid and dry, but mostly for wine. They are most often ceramic, but examples in metals and other materials have been found. The amphorae version is one of the many forms used in Ancient Greek vase paintings.

Amphora complete a large storage container, pithos, which provides a capacity of between one and a half and two and a half tons. Instead, the amphora stays below half a ton, typically less than 50 kilograms (100 lbs). The bodies of both types have the same shape. Where the pithos may have some small loops or lugs to tie the harness strap, the amphora has two broad grips that connect the shoulders of the body and the long neck. Broad pithoi neck for scooping or bucket access. The amphorae's neck is narrow to be poured by the person holding it at the bottom and the handle. Several variants exist. The handle may not exist. The size may require two or three handlers to lift. For the most part, however, an amphora is a tableware, or sitting near the table, is meant to be seen, and is decorated so well as it is by a master painter.

Stoppers of perishable materials, which rarely persist, are used to cover the contents. Two main types of amphorae exist: neck amphora , where the neck and body meet at a sharp angle; and one-piece amphora , in which the neck and body form a continuous curve. Neck amphorae is commonly used in the early history of ancient Greece, but was gradually replaced by a one-piece type from about the 7th century BC and beyond.

Most are produced with a pointy base to allow upright storage by implanting in soft soil, such as sand. The base facilitates transportation by ship, where amphorae are packed upright or on their sides in as many as five layers staggering. If erect, the base may be held by some kind of shelf, and the rope passes through their grip to prevent a shift or crash in rough seas. Heather and reeds can be used as packing around the vase. Shelves can be used in kitchens and stores. This base also concentrates the deposition of liquids with suspended solid particles, such as olive oil and grapes.

Amphorae is very beneficial for maritime archaeologists, as it often shows the age of shipwreck and the geographic origin of cargo. Sometimes they are so well preserved that the original content is still there, providing information about groceries and trading systems. Amphorae are too cheap and many to return to their point of origin and so, when empty, they are broken down at the destination. In a ruined location in Rome, Testaccio, close to the Tiber, pieces, then dampened with calcium hydroxide (Calce viva), remains to make up the hill which is now named Monte Testaccio, 45 m (148 ft) high and more than 1 kilometer across circumference.

Video Amphora

Etymology

Amphora is a Greco-Roman word developed in ancient Greece during the Bronze Age. The Romans acquired it during Hellenization that took place in the Roman Republic. Cato was the first literary man known to use it. The Romans changed the Greek form to standard-the word declaration, amphora , pl. amphorae . Undoubtedly, the word and vase were introduced to Italy through the Greek settlement there, which is widely traded in Greek pottery.

It is remarkable that although Etruscan imports, manufactures, and exports amphorae extensively in their wine industry, and the names of other Etruscanized Greek vases, no Etruscan form of the word exists. There may be an original Etruscan word that has not been identified for a vase that adopts the amphora adoption.

The Latin word comes from the Greek amphoreus ( ???????? ), a short form of amphiphoreus ( ?????????? ), a compound word that combines amphi- phoreus (" carrier "), from pherein (" to carry "), referring to the two vessels carrying the handle on the opposite side. The amphora appears as ????? , a-pi-po-re-we , in Linear B Brotherhood Note Knossos, ???? , a-po-re-we , in Mycenae, and fragmentary ] - re-we in Pylos, defined by Ideogram 209 ? , Bennett's AMPHORA, which has a number of scribal variants. Both spellings are amphiphor transcription? Wes (plural) and amphor? We (dual) in Mycenaean Greek that can be seen that the short form is valid on the land. Homer uses a long form for geometric reasons, and Herodotus has a short form. The Ventris and Chadwick translations "are brought on both sides."

Maps Amphora

Weight and size

Amphorae varies greatly. The largest stature is as high as 1.5 meters (5 feet) tall, while some less than 30 cm (12 inches) tall - the smallest is called amphoriskoi (literally "small amphorae"). Mostly about 45 cm (18 inches) tall.

There are significant standardizations in several variants; amphora wine has a standard size of about 39 liters (41 US qt), thus raising the amphora quadrant as a unit of measure in the Roman Empire. Overall, about 66 amphora species have been identified.

Furthermore, this term also means an ancient Roman measurement unit for fluids. The Roman amphora volume is one cubic foot, c. 26,026 L.

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Production

Roman amphorae is a terracotta container that is cast the wheel. During the production process, the body is made first and then allowed to partially dry. Then the clay roll is added to form the neck, rim, and handle. Once amphora is complete, the maker then treated the interior with a resin that will prevent the permeation of stored liquids. The reconstruction of these stages of production is primarily based on studies of modern amphora production in some areas of the eastern Mediterranean.

Amphorae is often characterized by various stamps, sgraffito, and inscriptions. They provide information about production, content, and further marketing. Stamps are usually applied to amphoras in a partially dry stage. This shows the name figlina (workshop) and/or the name of the workshop owner. Painted stamps, titit picti , notes the weight of the container and its contents, and is applied after the amphora is filled.

Classification

The first systematic classification of Roman amphorae types was performed by German scholar Heinrich Dressel. Following the extraordinary amphora deposits found in Rome at Castro Pretorio in the late 1800s, he collected nearly 200 inscriptions of amphorae and incorporated them into the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum . In his study of amphora deposits he was the first to elaborate the classification type, called "Dressel Table", which is still in use today for many types.

Subsequent research on Roman amphorae has resulted in a more detailed classification, usually named after scholars who studied it. For a neo-Phoenician type see the work by MaÃÆ' Â ± published in 1951, and a classification revised by van der Werff in 1977-1978. The Galical amphorae has been studied by Laubenheimer in a study published in 1989, while Cretan amphorae has been analyzed by Marangou-Lerat. BeltrÃÆ'n studied the Spanish species in 1970. The types of Adriatic have been studied by Lamboglia in 1955. For a general analysis of the Western Mediterranean type, look at Panella, and Peacock and Williams.

History

The origins of prehistory

Ceramic shapes and uses fall within the amphorae range, with or without grip, are a prehistoric heritage throughout Eurasia, from the Caucasus to China. For example, kvevri, common in the Republic of Georgia and the Caucasus, can be traced back to about 6000 BC. Amphorae dated around 4800 BC have been found in Banpo, a Neolithic site of Yangshao culture in China. Amphorae first appeared on the coast of Phoenician in about 3500 BC.

In Bronze and Iron Sheets amphorae spread around the ancient Mediterranean world, used by ancient Greeks and Romans as the primary means of transporting and storing wine, olive oil, wine, oil, olives, grains, fish, and other commodities. They were manufactured on an industrial scale until about the 7th century. The wood and leather containers seem to have replaced the amphorae afterwards.

They influence Chinese ceramics and other East Asian ceramic cultures, especially as a form of luxury for high-quality decorative ceramics, and continue to be produced there long after they stop being used further west.

Ancient Greek <: spaces: Ancient_Greece: _fancy_shapes_for_painting "> Ancient Greek: luxurious form for painting

In addition to the rugged amphorae used for storage and transportation, for the most part, high quality painted amphorae are produced in Ancient Greece in significant quantities for various social and ceremonial purposes. Their designs are very different from the more functional versions; they are represented by a wide and ringed mouth, with a glass surface and decorated with numbers or geometric shapes. They usually have a strong base where they can stand. amphorae is used as a gift in the Panathenaic Festival held between the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC, filled with olive oil from the sacred forest. The surviving examples contain the inscription "I am one of the gifts from Athena", and usually describe the special events they get.

Painted amphorae are also used for burial purposes, often in special types such as loutrophoros . Especially in earlier periods, large vases were used as grave markers, while some amphorae were used as containers for the ashes of the dead. In the Roman period most vase paintings have been extinguished, and the utilitarian amphorae is usually the only type produced.

Greek amphora type

Different types of amphorae are popular at different times:

Neck amphora (circa 6th century BC)

In the amphora neck, the grip is attached to the neck, which is separated from the stomach by carination angle. There are two main types of neck amphorae:

• Nolan amphora (late 5th century BC), named for its type site, Nola near Naples, and
• Tyrrhenian amphora.

There are also several types of rare amphora neck, distinguished by special features, for example:

• amphora marks, with pointed ends, sometimes ending with bulges like knob
• Loutrophoros , is used to store water during ritual ceremonies, such as weddings and funerals.

Beled amphora (about 640-450 BC )

Unlike the neck amphora, the amfora stomach does not have a different neck; instead the belly reaches the mouth in a continuous curve. After the middle of the 5th century BC, this type was rarely produced. The pelike is a special type of amphora abdomen, with the abdomen placed lower, so the widest point of the ship is near the bottom. The pelician was introduced around the end of the 6th century BC.

Panathenaic gift amphora

Another special type is the Panathenaic reward, with the ornament of a black character, produced exclusively as a gift vessel for Panathenaia and retained the black drawing technique for centuries after the introduction of a red-picture vase painting. Some examples bear the writing "????????????" means "[I am one] from a gift from Athena [goddess]". They contained a gift of oil from the sacred olive tree of the goddess Athena for the winners of an athletic contest held in honor of the goddess, and was apparently kept thereafter, and presumably used to store wine, before being buried with the prize winner. They depict the goddess Athena on one side (as seen in the second picture on this page) and athletic events on the other side, for example a wrestling scene or running a contest etc.

Ancient Rome

In the Roman period, utilitarian amphorae is usually the only type produced.

The first type of Roman amphora, Dressel 1, appeared in central Italy at the end of the 2nd century BC. This type has a thick wall and a distinctive red cloth. It's very heavy, though it's also powerful. Around the middle of the 1st century BC, so-called Dressel 2-4 began to be widely used. This amphora type gives some advantages because it is lighter and with thinner walls. It has been calculated that while the ship can accommodate about 4500 Dressel 1, it is possible to fit 6000 Dressel 2-4 in the same space. Dressels 2-4 are often produced in the same workshop used for the production of Dressel 1 which is immediately stopped being used.

At the same time in Cuma (southern Italy) the production of type cadii cumani begins (Dressel 21-22). These containers are mainly used for fruit transport and are used until the middle of the empire. At the same time, in central Italy, the so-called Spello amphorae, a small container, is produced for the transportation of wine. On the Adriatic coast, the older type is replaced by the type Lamboglia 2, an amphora of wine commonly produced between the end of the 2nd century and 1st century BC. This species then evolved into Dressel 6A which became dominant during Augustan's time.

In the Gallic provinces the first example of Roman amphorae is local imitations of pre-existing types such as Dressel 1, Dressel 2-4, Pascual 1, and Haltern 70. The more common Gallic production begins inside the ceramic atelier in Marseille during the end Augustan time. Type Oberaden 74 is produced in such a way that it affects the production of some types of Italic. Spanish amphorae became very popular thanks to the growing production phase at the end of the Republican period. The Hispania Baetica and Hispania Tarraconensis region (south-west and east of Spain) was the main production area between the 2nd and 1st century BC because of the distribution of land to the veteran military and the establishment of colonies new. Spanish amphibians are widespread in the Mediterranean region during the early days of the empire. The most common types are all produced in Baetica and among them there are Dressel 20, a typical olive oil container, Dressel 7-13, for garum (fish sauce), and Haltern 70, for defrutum (fruit sauce). In the Tarraconensis region, Pascual 1 is the most common type, amphora wine shaped on Dressel 1, and imitation Dressel 2-4.

North African production is based on an ancient tradition that can be traced back to the Phoenician colony of Carthage. Phoenician amphorae has the characteristics of a small grip that attaches directly to the upper body. This feature became the hallmark of the late/late Republican imperial production, later called neo-Phoenician. The types produced in Tripolitania and Northern Tunisia are MaÃÆ' Â ± a C1 and C2, later renamed van Der Werff 1, 2, and 3. In the Aegean region, the types of Rhodes island are quite popular starting from the 3rd century BC due to the long-established local wine production. This species evolved into Camulodunum 184, an amphora used to transport Rhodian wines throughout the empire. Imitation of Dressel 2-4 is produced on the island of Cos for the transportation of wine from 4th century BC to mid-royal period. The Cretan containers are also popular for wine transport and can be found around the Mediterranean from the days of Augustan to the 3rd century. During the late imperial period, North African species dominated amphora production. The so-called African types I and II are widely used from the 2nd century to the end of the 4th century. Another type of Eastern Mediterranean (Gaza), as it is called Late Roman 4, became very popular between the 4th and 7th centuries, while the production of Italic ceased.

The modern usage

Some modern wine makers and brewers use amphoras to provide different flavors and tastes for their products than those available with other aging methods.

See also

• Ancient Roman pottery
• Carinate
• Lionel Casson, content expert of the stranded amphorae
• Marine Archeology
• Ayla-Axum Amphoras
• Monte Testaccio
• Ancient Greek Pottery
• Behel urn, a two-handed amphora whose opposite handle connects the aperture to the sides of the ship
• Zafar, Yemen

Note

References

• Adkins, L.; Adkins, R.A. (1994). Handbook to live in Ancient Rome . New York, NY: Facts in File.
Bruno Brunella (2005), "Le anfore da trasporto", in Gandolfi, Daniela, La Ceramica e i Materiali in EtÃÆ' Romana. Classi, produzioni, commerci e consumi , Bordighera: Istituto Internazionale in Liguri Study .
• Panella, Clementina (2001), "Le anfore in etÃÆ' imperiale del Mediterraneo occidentale", in LÃÆ'Ã… © vÃÆ'ªque, Pierre; Morel, Jean Paul Maurice, CÃÆ' Â © ramiques hellÃÆ'Â © nistiques et romaines III (in French), Paris: Belles Lettres, pp.Ã, 177-275 .
• Peacock, D P S; Williams, D F (1986). Amphorae and Roman economy: introductory guide . Longman archeology series. London; New York: Longman.

External links

• Amphorae ex Hispania
• AMPHORAS Project
• Sheet amphorologique
• Roman Amphorae: digital resources from the University of Southampton
• Roman Amphoras in Britain in Internet Archeology

Source of the article : Wikipedia