Airline personnel or cabin crew (also known as flight attendants/flight attendants , host air/hostesses , officer ) is an aircrew member employed by airlines primarily to ensure the security and comfort of passengers on commercial flights, on selected business jets, and on multiple military aircraft.
Video Flight attendant
History
The role of a flight attendant comes from the same position on a passenger or passenger train, but has more direct involvement with passengers because of the limited space on the plane. In addition, a flight attendant's work revolves around safety to a much greater degree than similar staff on other types of transport. Flight attendants on board together form a cabin crew, which is distinguished from pilots and engineers in the cockpit.
Heinrich Cabbage from Germany was the first stewardess in the world, in 1912. Cabbage first attended passengers on board the DELAG Zeppelin LZ 10 Schwaben. He also attended the famous LZ 129 Hindenburg > and was on board when it was on fire. He survived by jumping out the window when approaching the ground.
The origin of the word "servant" in transportation is reflected in the term "butler" as used in maritime transport terminology. The terms purser and chief steward are often used interchangeably describe personnel with similar tasks among seafarers. This lingual derivation resulted from the British international maritime tradition (ie the head pair) dating from the 14th century and the civilian US Citadel Merchantah where US flights are somewhat modeled. Due to international conventions and treaties, in which all internationally sailing ship personnel are documented equally by their respective countries, the US Merchant Marine assigns that task to the main leadership in the overall rank and command structure whose pursuers are not represented positively or in-roster.
Imperial Airways from the UK has "cab boys" or "servants"; in the 1920s. In the US, Stout Airways was the first to employ stewards in 1926, working on Ford Trimotor aircraft between Detroit and Grand Rapids, Michigan. Western Airlines (1928) and Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) (1929) were the first US carriers to employ stewards to serve food. Ten Fokker flight passengers used in the Caribbean have waiters in the era of gambling trips to Havana, Cuba from Key West, Florida. The stewardess stewards will in many instances also perform the role of purser, steward, or butler in modern flight terminology.
The first female stewardess is a 25-year-old registered nurse named Ellen Church. Employed by United Airlines in 1930, he also first imagined the nurse on the plane. Other airlines follow, hire nurses to serve as flight attendants, then called "flight attendants" or "flight attendants", on most of their flights. In the United States, the work was one of only a few in the 1930s to allow women, who, coupled with the Great Depression, caused a large number of applicants to several available positions. Two thousand women applied for only 43 positions offered by Transcontinental and Western Airlines in December 1935.
The flight attendant stewards quickly replaced the men, and in 1936, they all took over the role. They are chosen not only for their knowledge but also because of their characteristics. Article 1936 New York Times describes the requirements:
The girls who qualify for hostesses should be petite; weight 100 to 118 pounds; height 5 feet to 5 feet 4 inches; age 20 to 26 years. Add to that a rigid physical examination each of which has to undergo four times each year, and you are confident of a bloom that goes with perfect health.
Three decades later, the 1966 New York Times line ad for flight attendants at Eastern Airlines listed this requirement:
High school graduates, single widows (widows and divorce without children are considered), 20 years (girls 19 1/2 can apply for consideration in the future). 5'2 "but not more than 5'9", weights 105 to 135 are proportional to height and have at least 20/40 eyesight without glasses.
Appearance is considered as one of the most important factors to become a flight attendant. At that time, airlines believed that the exploitation of women's sexuality would increase their profits; thus female stewardess uniforms are often formed, complete with white gloves and high heels.
In the United States, they are asked not to marry and get fired if they decide to marry. The requirement to become a registered nurse in American airlines became more relaxed as more women were employed, and disappeared almost entirely during World War II as many nurses joined the military nurse corps.
Ruth Carol Taylor is the first African-American stewardess in the United States. Hired in December 1957, on February 11, 1958, Taylor was a flight attendant on Mohawk Airlines flight from Ithaca to New York, for the first time such a position was held by an African American. He was released within six months as a result of Mohawk's ban on marriage that generally took place.
The first complainant of the First US Cooperation Applicants is a female stewardess who complains about age discrimination, weight requirements, and marriage restrictions. (Initially female flight attendants were dismissed if they reached the age of 32 or 35 depending on the airline, fired if they exceeded the strict rules, and were asked to sing during recruiting and firing if they were married.) In 1968, the EEOC declared the age of restriction on stewardess to discrimination illegal sex under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Also in 1968, the EEOC decided that sex was not a bona fide job requirement to become a flight attendant. The restriction on employing women was only repealed in all airlines in 1971 due to a court case that specified Diaz vs Pan Am . Unmarried rules were abolished throughout the US aviation industry in the 1980s. The widespread and last categorical discrimination, weight restriction, was relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiation. Airlines still often have vision and altitude requirements and may require flight attendants to pass medical evaluations.
Since there will be 41,030 new aircraft by 2036, Boeing expects 839,000 new cabin crew from 2017 to then: 298,000 in Asia Pacific (37%), 169,000 in North America (21%) and 151,000 in Europe (19%).
Maps Flight attendant
Overview
The main role of a flight attendant is to ensure passenger safety. In addition, flight attendants are often tasked with customer service duties such as serving food and drink, as a secondary responsibility.
The number of flight attendants required on a flight is mandated by international safety regulations. For aircraft with up to 19 passenger seats, no flight attendant is required. For larger aircraft, a flight attendant per 50 passenger seats is required.
The majority of flight attendants for most airlines are women, although large numbers of men have entered the industry since 1980.
Responsibility
Prior to each flight, the stewardess attended a safety briefing with pilots and flight attendants. During this briefing, they discussed the safety checklist and emergency, location and number of emergency equipment and other features specific to that type of aircraft. The boarding assessments are verified, such as special needs passengers, small children traveling as unaccompanied or VIPs. Weather conditions discussed include anticipated fluctuations. Prior to each flight, security checks are conducted to ensure all equipment such as safety vests, torches and fire extinguishers are on board, in appropriate quantities, and in appropriate conditions. Any items that can not be repaired or lost must be reported and repaired prior to takeoff. They should monitor the cabin for odors or unusual situations. They help with the loading of handbags, checking the weight, size and dangerous items. They ensure that those in the emergency ranks are willing and able to assist in evacuation and move those who are unwilling or able to get out of line to another seat. They then have to conduct a security demonstration or monitor passengers when they watch the safety video. They then have to "secure the cabin" making sure the tray tables are kept, the seats are in an upright position, the armrests are down and the luggage is stored properly and the seat belts are tied up before takeoff. All services between boarding and take-off are called Pre Take off Service .
Once in the air, flight attendants will usually serve drinks and/or food to passengers using the flight service trolley. When not performing customer service duties, flight attendants must periodically perform cabin inspections and listen to any unusual sounds or situations. Examination should also be done in the restroom to ensure the smoke detector has not been disabled or destroyed and to replenish inventory as needed. Regular cockpit checks should be performed to ensure pilot (s) health and safety. They should also respond to lamp calls related to special requests. During turbulence, the flight attendant must ensure the cabin is safe. Before landing, all loose goods, trays and trash should be collected and secured along with service equipment and kitchen. All hot liquids should be thrown away. The final cabin inspection must be completed before landing. It is important that the stewardesses remain conscious because most emergencies occur during takeoffs and landings. Upon landing, the flight attendant must remain stationed at the exit and monitor the aircraft and the cabin when the passenger drops the plane. They also help every passenger and small children the special needs of the plane and escort the children, while following the proper document and process ID to escort them to the designee pick them up.
Aviation workers are trained to handle a variety of emergencies, and are trained in first aid. More frequent situations may include bleeding noses, diseases, minor injuries, drunk passengers, aggressive passengers and anxiety attacks. Emergency training includes rejection, emergency landing, cardiovascular and in-flight medical conditions, cabin smoke, fire, depressurization, on-board births and deaths, dangerous items and spills in the cabin, emergency evacuation, hijacking, and water landing.
Cabin bells and overhead panel lights
On most commercial aircraft, the flight attendant receives various forms of notice on the plane in the form of audible bells and colored lights above their stations. Usually, the following bells and colors are used:
- Pink or Red - Phone calls from the cockpit to the flight attendant and/or interphone call between two flight attendants (fixed with a low tone), or all emergency call service (blinking with high-low repeat chime).
- Blue - Call from passenger in seat (fixed with one high note).
- Amber - Calls from passengers in the restroom (fixed with one high bell), or toilet smoke detector light up (blinking with repetitive high taps).
- Green (nonstandard) - On some Airbus airline aircraft, this color is used to denote phone calls between two flight attendants, distinguishing them from pink or red lights used for interphone calls made from the cockpit to the flight attendant, and also accompanied by low-low sounds such as pink or red lights. On some other airline aircraft, this color has a completely different meaning, and is used to indicate that the cockpit is no longer sterile after the plane is above a certain height.
Chief Purser
The Chief Purser (CP), also titled as In-Service Service Manager (ISM), Flight Service Manager (FSM), Customer Service Manager (CSM) or Director of Service Cab (CSD) is a senior stewardess in the flight attendant chain. While not always the most senior member of the crew on a flight (in years of service to their respective operators), Chief Pursers may have various "in-flight" or "on board" levels to bid for seniority or tenure in relation to their flying partner.. To achieve this position, a crew member requires a minimum of a few years of service as a flight attendant. Further training is mandatory, and Chief Pursers usually earn higher salaries than flight attendants because of additional responsibilities and managerial roles.
Purser
The Purser is responsible for the cabin crew, in a certain section of the larger aircraft, or the entire plane itself (if the purser is the highest rank). On a bigger plane, Pursers assisted the Chief Purser in managing the cabin. Pursers are flight attendants or related jobs, usually with airlines for several years before applications for, and further training to become a purser, and usually earn higher salaries than flight attendants due to additional responsibilities and oversight roles.
Qualification
Training
The flight attendants are usually trained in the center or city headquarters of an airline over a period that can last from four weeks to six months, depending on the country and airline. The main focus of training is safety, and officers will be checked for each type of aircraft in which they work. One of the most complicated training facilities is the Breech Academy which Trans World Airlines (TWA) opened in 1969 in Overland Park, Kansas. Other airlines also send their maids to school. However, during the tariff war, school viability declined and closed around 1988.
Safety training includes, but is not limited to: emergency passenger evacuation management, the use of evacuation slide/life raft, in-flight fire extinguisher, first aid, CPR, defibrillation, truancy/emergency landing procedure, decompression emergency state, crew resource management, and security.
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration requires flight attendants on aircraft with 20 or more seats and is used by airlines for transportation to have Proven Proficiency Certificate . It is not considered equivalent to an airman (license) certificate, although it is issued on the same card stock. This indicates that the required level of training has been met. This is not limited to air carriers where officers are used (although some preliminary documents indicate the airline in which the holder works), and are the officer's private property. It does have two ranks, Group 1 and Group 2 (listed in the certificate as "Group I" and "Group II"). Neither or both can be obtained depending on the type of public aircraft, (propeller or turbojet), which has been trained by the holder.
There are also training schools, not affiliated with certain airlines, where students generally not only undergo generic training, although otherwise are identical, for flight attendants employed by airlines, but also take curriculum modules to help them find work. These schools often use actual airline equipment for their lessons, although some are equipped with full simulator cabins capable of replicating a number of emergency situations. In some countries, such as France, a degree is required, along with Certificat de Formation ÃÆ' la SÃÆ'Â © curitÃÆ'Â © (safety training certificate).
Language
Multilingual stewards are often asked to accommodate international travelers. The best-selling languages, in addition to English, are French, Russian, Hindi, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Bengali, Japanese, Arabic, German, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish and Greek. In the United States, airlines with international routes pay additional salaries for language skills over airline payments, and some airlines hire specifically for specific languages ​​when launching international destinations.
Height
Most airlines have altitude requirements for safety reasons, ensuring that all flight attendants can achieve overhead safety equipment. Usually, the acceptable height for this is 150 to 185 cm (4 ft 11 in in 6 ft 1 in) high. Some airlines, such as EVA Air, have elevation requirements for purely aesthetic purposes. Regional operators using small plane with low ceilings can have altitude restrictions.
Uniform and presentation
The first stewardess uniforms are designed to be durable, practical, and inspire passenger confidence. In the 1930s, the first female stewardess wore a uniform that resembled a nurse's outfit. The first female stewardess for United Airlines wore green berets, green robes and nursing shoes. Other airlines, such as Eastern Air Lines, actually dressed female flight attendants in nurse uniforms. Both female and female flight attendants for Hawaiian Airlines wear an aloha shirt as their uniform.
Perhaps reflecting the military aviation background of many commercial aviation pioneers, many of the earliest uniforms had a strong military appearance; hats, jackets, and skirts show simple straight lines and military details like the rank and brass marks. Many uniforms have summer and winter versions, distinguished by colors and fabrics that match the seasons: navy blue for winter, for example, khaki for summer. But as the role of women in the air grew, and airlines began to realize the value of the publicity of their female flight attendants, feminine lines and colors began to appear in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Some airlines began to assign designs from top-class department stores and others called famous designers or even mills to create distinctive and attractive outfits.
During the 1960s, Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) was known for its brightly colored flight attendant uniforms that included short mini skirts. In the early 1970s, the uniform turned into hotpants.
From the 1980s to the present, Asian airlines, especially national airlines, typically display their country's traditional clothing and cloths in their female flight attendant uniforms. It is intended as a marketing strategy to showcase their national culture as well as to warmly welcome and hospitality. For example, Thai Airways flight attendants are required to change their company's purple clothing into traditional Thai costume before passengers board. While Garuda Indonesia stewardess uniform is a modified kebaya, inspired by traditional batik motifs of Parang Gondosuli, this motif is called Garuda Indonesia Slope . Malaysian flight attendants and Singapore Airlines wear batik in their uniforms. Vietnam Airlines flight officers wear red ÃÆ'¡o dÃÆ' i and Air India flight stewards wearing Sari on all passenger flights.
During the mid-1990s, several US-based airlines required female flight attendants to wear shoes in high heels. The minimum heel height ranges from one and a half inches to two inches mandated by USAir. Aviation officials sometimes avoid criticism by replacing shoes that are more comfortable during flight, because their bosses tend not to be there.
Airline personnel are generally expected to show high level personal care such as the use of appropriate cosmetics and personal hygiene.
The flight attendant does not have to have a visible tattoo when the uniform is worn. This requirement is designed to give the airline a positive presentation.
In several airlines in the Islamic World, such as Egypt Air, Iran Air and Saudia, female stewardess uniforms have added hijab to suit Islamic customs.
In ads
In the 1960s and 1970s, many airlines began to advertise the charm and friendliness of their flight attendants. National Airlines started "Fly Me"; campaign using an attractive female flight attendant with slogans such as "I am Lorraine. Fly me to Orlando." (The low budget film 1973 about the three flight attendants, Fly Me , starring Lenore Kasdorf, is based on an advertising campaign.) Braniff International Airways, presented a campaign known as "Air Pass" with the same appeal. young female flight attendants changed uniforms in the middle of the flight. The policies of at least one airline require that only unmarried women become flight attendants. Meanwhile, many other airlines, including American Airlines, Braniff, and Northwest, have 32 compulsory retirement ages for flight attendants because the beliefs of women will be less attractive and exciting after this age. In 1968, the EEOC declared an age restriction on stewardess workers as illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The crew of the Roz Hanby plane became a minor celebrity when he became the face of British Airways in their "Fly Flag" advertising campaign over a 7-year period in the 1980s. Singapore Airlines is currently one of the few airlines still choosing to use the image of their female flight attendant, known as the Singapore Girl, in their ad creative. However, these are beginning to be removed, supporting ads that emphasize the modernity of their fleet.
States
An air hostess union was formed, beginning at United Airlines in the 1940s, to negotiate an increase in salaries, benefits and working conditions. The unions will later challenge what they perceive as sexist stereotypes and unfair work practices such as age limits, size limits, restrictions on marriage, and the prohibition of pregnancy. Many of these limitations have been raised by the judiciary mandate. The largest aviation flight attendant is the Association of Flight Attendants, representing nearly 60,000 flight attendants at 19 airlines in the US.
Association of Professional Flight Attendants represents flight attendant American Airlines, the world's largest carrier. APFA is the largest independent independent flight attendant union in the world.
In the UK, cabin crew can be represented by Cabin Crew '89, or a much larger and more powerful Transport and Public Workers Union.
In Australia, flight attendants are represented by the Australian Aviation Officers Association (FAAA). There are two divisions: one for international crew (long distance) and one for domestic crew (short distance).
In New Zealand, flight attendants may be represented by both Flight Attendants and Associated Service Associations (FARSA) or by Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union (EPMU).
In Canada, flight attendants are represented by the Canadian General Employees Union (CUPE) or by the Canadian Flight Attendants Union (CFAU).
Discrimination
Initially female flight attendants were asked to sing during recruits, and were dismissed if they married, exceeded heavy regulations, or reached the age of 32 or 35 depending on the airline. In the 1970s the group of Flight Hostesses for Women's Rights protested against sexist advertising and corporate discrimination, and brought many cases to justice. In 1964, US President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into a law that prohibited sex discrimination and led to the creation of a Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1968. The EEOC decided that sex was not an unworthy job requirement to be flight attendant. For the flight attendants, this means that they have an official regulatory body to report the attacks and allow them to successfully challenge the age limit and marriage ban in relation to their effectiveness as employees.
In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on stewardship workers' to illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Restrictions on employing only women were repealed in all airlines in 1971 due to a decisive court case of > Diaz vs Pan Am . Unmarried rules were abolished throughout the US aviation industry in the 1980s. The widespread and last categorical discrimination, weight restriction, was relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiation. In the late 1970s, the term 'flight attendant was generally replaced by a neutral gender alternative flight attendant. Recently the term cabin crew or cabin staff have begun to replace 'flight attendants' in some parts of the world, due to the recognition of the terms of their role as crew members.
Role in an emergency
Emergency stewardship actions have long been credited in saving lives; in the United States, the National Transportation Safety Agency (NTSB) and other aviation authorities see flight attendants as important for safety, and thus usually required on Section 121 aircraft operations. Some studies, conducted in connection with British Airtours Flight 28M, have concluded that cabin crew which is decisively very important for the rapid evacuation of aircraft. Important examples of cabin crew actions include:
September 11, 2001
The role of the flight attendant received high fame after the September 11 attacks when the stewardess (such as Sandra W. Bradshaw and CeeCee Lyles from United Airlines Flight 93; Robert Fangman of United Airlines Flight 175; Renee May of American Airlines Flight 77; and Betty Ong and Madeline Amy Sweeney of American Airlines Flight 11) actively seeks to protect passengers from attacks, and also provides important information to air traffic controllers on piracy.
On August 9, 2010, Steven Slater gained direct global fame when he claimed he was injured by a passenger suitcase that he had confronted on a JetBlue flight arriving at New York's JFK Airport for ignoring his orders to remain seated. Passenger denied his account of this confrontation. When the incident continued, he cursed the passengers on the plane's public address system, took the beer, opened the evacuation slide and left the plane. He was later arrested and charged with multiple crimes.
On August 30, 2014, Robert Reardon of Delta Air Lines retired at the age of 90 after beating Ron Akana of United Airlines as a flight attendant serving the longest flight in the world and also being the oldest active stewardess in the world. Reardon said his retirement was "not his choice."
Gallery
See also
- Aircrew (Aircrew)
References
Quotes
Bibliography
- Harris, Tom. How the Flight Crew Works, HowStuffWorks.com website, June 14, 2001. Accessed on September 2, 2014.
Further reading
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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