Aircraft carrier

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An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as an air base at sea, equipped with a complete flight deck and facilities to carry, arming, exerting, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital vessel of the fleet, as it allows naval forces to project air power worldwide without being dependent on a local base for staging operations. Operators have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century of wooden ships used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships carrying many fighter planes, warplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft types. While heavier aircraft such as fighter planes and fixed wing bombers have been launched from aircraft carriers, it is currently impossible to land them. With its diplomatic and tactical powers, its mobility, its autonomy and the diversity of its ingredients, the mother ship is often at the center of the modern combat fleet. Tactically or even strategically, he replaces the warships in the leading role of the fleet. One of the great advantages is that, by sailing in international waters, it does not interfere with territorial sovereignty and thus negates the need for overflight authorization from third party countries, reducing the transit time and distance of the aircraft and therefore significantly increasing the availability time in zones combat.

There is no single definition of "aircraft carrier," and the modern navy uses several variant types. This variant is sometimes categorized as a sub-type of carrier, and sometimes as a different type of vessel than a navy capable of flying. Aviation operators can be classified by the type of aircraft they carry and their operational tasks. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, RN, former Royal Sea Navy First Sea Lord, said, "Simply put, countries that aspire to international strategic influence have an aircraft carrier". Henry Kissinger, while the US Secretary of State, also said: "The aircraft carrier is 100,000 tons of diplomacy".

As of June 2018, there are 41 active aircraft carriers in the world operated by 13 navies. The United States Navy has 11 large nuclear-powered aircraft carriers - carrying about 80 fighter jets each - the world's largest carrier; total combined deck space is more than double that of all other countries. As well as the aircraft carrier's fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships that are used primarily for helicopters, although these also carry up to 20 short and vertical take-off jets and landing (V/STOL) fleets and are similar in size to carrier fleet mediums - sized. China, France, India, Russia and Britain each operate a large/medium sized aircraft carrier, with a capacity of 30 to 60 fighter jets. Italy operates two light aircraft carriers and the Spanish operates one. Helicopter operators are operated by Australia (2), Egypt (2), France (3), Japan (4), South Korea (1), and Thailand (1). Future carriers are under construction or in planning by Brazil, China, India, Russia, Britain, and the United States.

Video Aircraft carrier

Types of operators

Basic type

• amphibious assault ship
• anti-submarine warship
• Balloon carrier and balloon tender
• Escort carrier
• Carrier fleet
• Cruiser flight deck
• Helicopter operators
• Light aircraft carrier
• Sea Control Ship
• amphibians and seaplane operators
• Airplane

(note: some of the types listed here are not strictly defined as carrier by multiple sources)

Under the role

A fleet operator is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides offensive capabilities. It is the largest carrier capable of high speed. By comparison, operator escort was developed to provide defense for ship convoys. They are smaller and slower with fewer aircraft. Mostly built from ship hulls or, in the case of carriers of merchants, are bulk cargo ships with flight deck added above. Light aircraft carriers are fast enough to operate with the main fleet but are smaller in size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft currently used by Russia is actually called heavy flying cruisers ; these vessels, while large-sized carriers of aircraft carriers, are designed for self-use or by escort, and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to missile cruisers, in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters.

With configuration

Current aviation operators are usually divided into the following four categories based on the way airplanes take off and land:

• CAPTURE-recovered take-off helmets CATOBAR : These carriers generally carry the heaviest, heaviest and most armed aircraft, though A smaller CATOBAR may have other restrictions (lift capacity, etc.). All CATOBAR operators in the service are currently nuclear-powered. Two countries currently operate this type of operators: the tenth grade of Nimitz and a fleet operator of Gerald R. Ford by the United States, and one intermediate operator by France, for a world total of two in service.
• Short take-off but arrest-recovery STOBAR ): these carriers are generally limited to carrying lighter fixed wing aircraft with a more limited load. STOBAR air carrier wings, such as the Sukhoi Su-33 and the future Mikoyan MiG-29K wing of Admiral Kuznetsov are often directed primarily for air superiority and fleet defense roles rather than power-projection strikes, which require heavier loads (bombs and air-to-ground missiles). Today China, India, and Russia each operate one operator of this type - a total of three services today.
• Short take-off vertical landing ( STOVL ): limited to carry STOVL planes. STOVL planes, such as the Harrier Jump Jet and Yakovlev Yak-38 families, generally have limited payload, low performance, and high fuel consumption when compared to conventional fixed wing aircraft; however, the new generation STOVL aircraft, currently composed of the F-35B, has a much better performance. The US has nine STOVL amphibious assault ships. Britain has a class of two 65,000 ton aircraft carriers STOVL, HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales , the largest warship ever built for the Royal Navy; with one in service and the other equipped. Italy operates two in the role of a light fleet, and Spain operates an amphibious assault ship as a STOVL carrier, giving a total of thirteen STOVL carriers in active service; (Thailand has one STOVL carrier active but no longer has STOVL operational aircraft in its inventory so it is used and counted as a helicopter carrier).
• Helicopter carrier : Helicopter operators have similar appearance to other aircraft carriers but operate helicopters - which operate mainly helicopters but can also operate fixed wing aircraft known as STOVL operators (see above). There are currently thirteen helicopter carriers (which operate helicopters instead of fixed wing aircraft), operated by six navy, in commissions today. Japan has four of these types, France three, Australia two, Egypt two, South Korea one, and Thailand one. In the past, some conventional operators were altered and called command operators by the Royal Navy. Some helicopter carriers, but not all of them, are classified as amphibious assault ships, assigned to land and support ground troops in enemy territory.

By size

• Carrier fleet
• Light aircraft carrier
• Escort carrier

Supercarrier

The name "supercarrier" is not an official designation with the national navy, but a term used primarily by the media and usually when reporting the types of new and upcoming aircraft carriers. It's also used when comparing operators of different sizes and capabilities, both current and past. It was first used by The New York Times in 1938, in an article on Royal Royal Army Royal, which has a length of 209 meters (686Ã, ft), a displacement 22,000 tons and is designed to carry 72 aircraft. Since then, aircraft carriers have consistently grown in size, both length and displacement, as well as capacity building; in defense, sensors, electronic warfare, propulsion, range, launch and recovery system, the number and type of aircraft carried and the number of sortie flown per day.

While the class is currently in service, or planned, with the Chinese, Indian, Russian, and British navy, it has displacements ranging from 65,000 to 85,000 tonnes, ranging from 280 meters (920 feet) to 320 meters (1,050 feet) , has been described as the largest "supercarriers", "supercarriers" currently in service with the US Navy, with displacements exceeding 100,000 tonnes, over 337 meters (1,106 ft) in length, and capabilities that match or exceed every other class.

Hull type identification symbol

Some identification symbol systems for carrier and related ship types have been used. These include the number of banners used by the Royal Navy and several Commonwealth countries, the hull classification symbol used by the US, NATO and several other countries, and the Canadian hull classification emblem.

Maps Aircraft carrier

History

Origins

In 1903 the emergence of heavier aircraft from the air with the Wright Brothers' first flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, followed closely on November 14, 1910, by Eugene Burton Ely who first took the Curtiss pusher plane from the deck of the United States Navy ship, explorer USSÃ, Birmingham anchored at Norfolk Naval Base in Virginia. Two months later, on January 18, 1911, Ely landed her Curtiss bleach aircraft on a platform on the USS Pennsylvania armored cruiser anchored in San Francisco Bay. On May 9, 1912, the first aircraft to take off from an ongoing ship was made from the deck of the pre-dreadnaught HMSÃ, Hibernia warship. The ship's supporters of the seaplane tender came next, with France Foudre in 1911. At the beginning of World War I, the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya carried out the first air strike launched in the world: at September 6, 1914, the Farman plane launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian explorers Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German Imperial warship Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; not beaten. The first air strike launched by the operator was the Tondern Raid in July 1918. Seven Sopwith Camels were launched from the converted HMSÃ battlecruiser, <47> damaged the German airbase in Tondern, Germany (modern TÃÆ'¸nder, Denmark ) and destroyed two zeppelin airships.

The development of flattop ships produced the first large fleet ship. In 1918, HMSÃ, Argus became the first operator in the world capable of launching and restoring naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limits the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most of the original carriers were converted shiploaders (or have served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or a warship. This conversion led to the US class aircraft Lexington (1927), Japanese Akagi , and English class Brave . The evolution of specialist operators went well, with some navies ordering and building warships that were deliberately designed to serve as aircraft carriers in the mid-1920s. This resulted in commissioning of ships such as Japan H? Sh? (1922), followed by HMSÃ, Hermes (1924, though set before H? Sh? in 1918) and BÃÆ' Â © arn (1927). During World War II, these ships would be known as aircraft carriers.

World War II

The aircraft carriers dramatically altered the sea battle in World War II, because air power became a significant factor in warfare. The emergence of aircraft as focal weapons is driven by the superior range, flexibility, and effectiveness of aircraft launched by operators. They have better range and accuracy than naval weapons, making them very effective. The carrier flexibility was demonstrated in November 1940, when HMSÃ, Illustrious launched a long-range attack on the Italian fleet at their headquarters in Taranto, marking the beginning of an effective and highly mobile aircraft attack. This operation in shallow water ports paralyzed three of six warships anchored at the cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. Japan's shocking attack on the American Pacific fleet at the Pearl Harbor naval base/air force on Sunday, December 7, 1941, is a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by the great forces of modern aircraft carriers. Concentrating six operators in one unit changed the history of the navy about, because no other nation fielded anything comparable. Further intelligence was demonstrated during the "Doolittle Raid", on April 18, 1942, when the USS USS Hornet (CV-8) aircraft carrier sailed into Japan 650 nautical miles and launched 16 B-25 bombers from its deck in a counterattack on the mainland, including the capital, Tokyo. However, operator vulnerability compared to traditional warships when forced into short range weapons was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German warships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

This newly discovered naval aviation interest forces countries to create a number of carriers, in an effort to provide air superiority cover for every large fleet to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive use leads to the development and construction of 'light' carriers. The escort ships, such as the USS Bogue , are sometimes built specifically but mostly converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide air-support anti-submarines for convoy and amphibious invasion. Following this concept, lightweight US-built aircraft carriers, such as the USSÃ, Independence , represent a larger, more "militarized" version of escort operators. Although with the same complement for the companion operators, they have the advantage of the speed of their converted hull. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier is designed to build quickly by civilian shipyards and with a service life expected around 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war, and the stomach design was chosen for almost all aircraft carriers equipped with navies after the war, until the 1980s. The state of emergency also spurred the creation or conversion of a highly unconventional carrier. The CAM ship is a freight merchant ship that can launch (but not take) a fighter from a catapult to defend the convoy of a German-based long-haul plane.

Postwar era

Prior to World War II, international naval agreements of 1922, 1930, and 1936 restricted the size of capital vessels including aircraft carriers. Since World War II, the aircraft carrier design has increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in the size of the aircraft. Great modern Nimitz class of the U.S.N. carriers have displaced almost four times that of World War II era of Enterprise USS, but their complementary aircraft are more or less the same - the consequence of increasing the size and weight of individual military aircraft that has been increasing for years. The carriers are so expensive that the countries that operate them are at significant risk of significant political, economic, social and military impact if the carrier is lost, or even sent to potential crisis zones or used in conflicts.

The modern navy that operates such aircraft carriers treats them as fleet capital vessels, a role previously held by sailing galleons, frigates and ships and then steamers or diesel-powered warships. This change occurred during World War II in response to air power being a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of aircraft launched by operators. After the war, operator operations continued to increase in size and importance, and along with, operator design also increased in size and capability. Some of the larger operators, dubbed by the media as "supercarriers", replacing 75,000 tons or more, have been the pinnacle of career development. Some are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate away from home. Amphibious assault vessels, such as the class Wasp and Mistral , serve the purpose of bringing and aligning the Marines, and operating a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "command operators" or "helicopter operators", many have the ability to operate VSTOL aircraft.

The lack of weapons from other warships, the carrier itself is considered vulnerable to attack by other ships, planes, submarines, or missiles. Therefore, aircraft carriers are generally accompanied by a number of other ships to provide relief for relatively lean airlines, to carry inventory and perform other support services, and to provide additional offensive capabilities. The group of ships produced is often termed a group of fighters, carrier groups, carrier groups or carrier strikes.

There is a view among some military experts that modern anti-ship weapon systems, such as torpedoes and missiles, or even ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads have made carriers and carriers of aging carriers too vulnerable to modern combat. On the other hand, the carrier's threatening role has a place in modern asymmetrical warfare, like the diplomacy of warships in the past. Furthermore, the aircraft carrier facilitates the rapid and precise projection of enormous military force into local and regional conflicts.

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Description

Structure

Operators are large and long vessels, although there is a high degree of variation depending on the intended role and complement of the aircraft. The size of the carrier varies in history and between the navy, to meet the various roles demanded by the global climate of naval aviation.

Regardless of size, the vessel itself should be a complementary place for their aircraft, with space to launch, store, and maintain. Space is also needed for large crews, supplies (food, ammunition, fuel, engineering parts), and propulsion. The US aircraft carriers are famous for having a nuclear reactor that drives their systems and thrust. This makes the operator quite high.

The top of the aircraft carrier is the flight deck, where the aircraft is launched and restored. On the right side of this is the island, where air traffic controls and bridges are located.

The constraints of building the flight deck affect the role of the carrier given strongly, as they affect the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, the relief launch mechanism is used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those containing airborne to surface weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used in USN fleet operators as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full outages, especially on ground attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capabilities for fighter aircraft.

Due to the busy nature of the flight deck, only 20 or more planes can ride it at a time. Hangar storage several decks below the flight deck is where most aircraft are stored, and aircraft are taken from the lower storage deck to the flight deck through the use of elevators. Hangar is usually quite large and can take several decks of vertical space.

The gunpowder is usually kept on the lower deck as it is very explosive. Usually this is below the water line so that the area can flood in case of emergency.

Flight deck

As a "runway at sea", the aircraft carrier has a flat flight deck, which launches and restores the aircraft. The aircraft slid forward, into the wind, and recovered from eternity. The flight deck is where the most noticeable difference between aircraft carriers and land runways is found. Making such surfaces in the sea poses a constraint on the operator - for example, the fact that it is a vessel means that a long runway will be expensive to build and maintain. This affects the take-off procedure, since the shorter runway length of the deck requires the aircraft to accelerate faster to obtain lift. This requires a push thrust, a vertical component to its speed, or a reduced take-off load (to a lower mass). Different types of deck configurations, as above, affect the flight deck structure. The form of launch assistance provided by the operator is closely related to the type of aircraft being launched and the carrier's own design.

There are two main philosophies to keep the deck short: add impetus to the plane, such as using Catapult Assisted Take-Off (CATO-); and change the direction of the aircraft's push, as in Vertical and/or Short Take-Off (V/STO-). Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages:

• Catapult helps take off but captures recovery (CATOBAR): A steam-powered or electric catapult is plugged into a plane, and is used to accelerate a conventional aircraft to a safe flying speed. At the end of the catapult, aircraft and further propulsion are provided by the engine itself. This is the most expensive method because it requires an elaborate machine to be installed under the flight deck, but allows even very heavy aircraft to take off.
• Short take-off but the captured recovery (STOBAR) depends on the increase of net lift on the plane. The aircraft does not require help catapulted to take off; on the contrary on almost all vessels of this type, upward vectors are provided by a ski jump on the front end of the flight deck, often combined with vectorization thrust by the plane. Or, by reducing the burden of fuel and weapons, the aircraft is capable of reaching higher speeds and resulting in more uplift and launch without ski jumps or slingshot.
Short short vertical (STOVL) landing: On aircraft carriers, non-catapult takeoffs, the wing aircraft remains fixed with the use of thrust vectors, which can also be used in conjunction with the "ski-jumping" runway. The use of STOVL tends to allow aircraft to carry larger loads than during VTOL use, while still requiring only a short runway. The most notable examples are Harrier Hawker Siddeley and Sea Harrier. Although technically a VTOL aircraft, they are operationally STOVL aircraft due to the extra weight performed on take off for fuel and weaponry. The same applies to the F-35B Lightning II, which demonstrates VTOL's ability in test flight but is operationally STOVL.
• Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL): Aircraft specifically designed for the purpose of using extremely high vector thrust levels (for example, if the ratio of thrust to weight-force is greater than 1, can take off vertically), but usually more slow from conventionally driven aircraft.

On the recovery side of the flight deck, adaptation to aircraft loading is reflected. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft can not reduce their own speed, and almost all operators using it must have captured the recovery system (-BAR, eg CATO BAR or STO BAR ) to recover their aircraft. The landing aircraft extends the tailhook that catches the arrestor cable stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop within a short distance. The post-World War II Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to the universal adoption of a sloping landing area of ​​the axis to allow aircraft that missed the fishing cable for "bolts" and safely returned to the flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing the plane at front deck.

If the plane is VTOL or helicopter capable, they do not need to reduce speed and hence there is no such need. The capture-captured system has been using a sloped deck since the 1950s because, in the event that the plane does not catch the capture wire, the short deck allows easier takeoff by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operations area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of take-off and landing (V/STOL) vertical or short are usually recovered by coming from port-side operators and then using their hover ability to move on the flight deck and land vertically without the need to catch teeth.

Staff and Deck Operations

Steam carriers at speeds, up to 35 knots (65 km/h, 40 mph) to the wind during flight deck operation to increase wind speed above deck to secure minimum. This increased effective wind speed provides a higher air launch velocity for the aircraft at the end of a catapult stroke or jump-ski, as well as making the recovery safer by reducing the difference between the relative speed of aircraft and ship.

Since the early 1950s on conventional operators it has become a practice to restore aircraft at an angle to the port of the ship's axial line. The main function of this sloping deck is to allow the missed-out aircraft, referred to as a bolter, to become air again without the risk of hitting a parked plane forward. The beveled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" slingshot next to two bow cats. A sloped deck also increases the flexibility of launch and recovery cycles with simultaneous launch options and aircraft recovery.

The conventional aircraft ("tailhook") depends on the landing signal officer (LSO, radio call alert paddles ) to monitor the aircraft approach, visually measuring the glidepath, attitude, and airspeed, and sending the data to the pilot. Before the lean deck appeared in the 1950s, the LSO used a colored paddle for correction signals to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onwards, visual landing tools such as the Optical Landing System had provided information about the proper slope of the glide, but the LSO still sent voice calls to approach the pilot via radio.

Key personnel involved in the flight deck include shooters, handlers, and air bosses. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works within the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of the aircraft prior to launch and after recovery. The "air boss" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Aviation Control, also called the prime or tower ) and has overall responsibility for controlling the launch, recovery and "plane -the airplane was in the air near the ship, and the plane's movement on the flight deck, which itself resembled a choreographed ballet. " The boat captain spends most of his time one level below the primary at the Navigation Bridge. Below is the Flag Bridge, devoted to the admiral and his staff.

To facilitate work on the flight deck of US aircraft carriers, sailors wear colored shirts that signify their responsibilities. There are at least seven different colors worn by flight deck personnel for air operations of modern United States Navy operators. Operation operators from other countries use the same color scheme.

Deck structure

The carrier superstructure (such as bridges, flight control towers) is concentrated in a relatively small area called the island , a feature pioneered in HMSÃ, Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the right side of flight deck, Japanese carriers Akagi and Hiry? has their island built on the harbor side. Very few operators are designed or built without the island. Configuration flush deck proved to have significant disadvantages, the main is the disposal management of power plants. The smoke coming on the deck is a big deal on USSÃ, Langley . In addition, the lack of an island means the difficulty of managing the flight deck, conducting air traffic control, lack of radar housing placement and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.

Another deck structure that can be seen is the ski-jumping track at the front end of the flight deck. It was first developed to help launch STOVL take-off aircraft at much higher weight than was possible with vertical take-off or rolling on a flat deck. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it has since been adopted by many navies for smaller aircraft carriers. A ski-jumping track works by converting some forward motion from the plane to a vertical velocity and sometimes combined with the jet thrust aim partially downwards. This allows the aircraft to be loaded and fueled for a few seconds more valuable to achieve sufficient airspeed and lift to maintain a normal flight. Without jumping-ski launching a loaded and fueled aircraft like the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck boat before stretching out or crashing directly into the ocean.

Although the STOVL aircraft was able to take off vertically from a point on the deck, using the road and start running much more fuel efficient and allowing heavier launching weight. Because the catapult is not required, the carrier with this arrangement reduces the weight, complexity, and space required for complex vapor or electromagnetic steering equipment, the vertical landing aircraft also eliminates the need to hold cables and associated hardware. Future Russian, Chinese and Indian carriers include a ski-jumping pass to launch conventional combat aircraft with light loads but recover using traditional carrier cables and tailshooks on their aircraft.

The disadvantage of ski jumps is the punishment he imposed on the size of the plane, the load, and the fuel load (and thus the range); loaded aircraft can not be launched using a ski jump because their high load requires a larger takeoff jump than is possible on the carrier deck, or assistance from JATO rockets or rockets. For example, the Russian Su-33 can only be launched from the operator Admiral Kuznetsov with minimal weaponry and fuel. Another disadvantage is in the operation of a mixed flight deck where helicopters are also present such as US Landing Helicopter Dock or Helicopter attack Landscape amphibious assault boat ski jump is not included as this will eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits loading of Harriers but is somewhat reduced by start rolling again provided by long flight deck compared to many STOVL operators.

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National fleet

The US Navy has the largest carrier in the world, and currently has eleven services. The Chinese, French, Indian and Russian navy each operate a medium-sized fleet of fleets. The US has nine Amphibious Warfare Ships of the same size. There are three small light carriers used that are capable of operating both fixed aircraft and helicopters, Italy operates two planes, and one Spanish.

In addition there are fourteen small aircraft carriers operating only helicopters serving the Australian navy (2), Egypt (2), France (3), Japan (4), South Korea (1), Thailand (1) and England ( 1).

Australia

Current

The Canberra landing class helicopter landing is based on the Spanish ship Juan Carlos I . Two ship classes, built by Navantia and BAE Systems Australia, represent the largest vessel ever built for the Australian Navy.

HMASÃ, Canberra underwent a sea test in late 2013 and was commissioned in 2014. Her sister ship, HMASÃ, Adelaide , was commissioned in December 2015. The Australian ship retains the skiing line from the design Juan Carlos I , although RAN has not acquired fixed-wing aircraft operator-based.

Brazil

Now

On 14 February 2017, the Navy announced the aircraft carrier São Paulo would be demobilized and then deactivated, citing the uneconomical cost of further improvements. In 2018, SÃÆ' Â £ o Paulo remains in the Brazilian Navy's reserves.

Future

It was reported in 2017 that Brazil was interested in purchasing an amphibious assault and helicopter HMSÃ © helicopter, Ocean L/O (L12) aircraft carrier from Britain in lieu of retractable SÃÆ'Â Â £ o Paulo (A12) of service in 2017 after several mechanical failures. Royal Navy issued the asking price of Ã, Â £ 80.3 million (US $ 105,800,871), which the Brazilian Navy called "convenient". In November 2017, the Brazilian Ministry of Defense started formal negotiations for ship acquisitions.

In December 2017, the Brazilian Navy confirmed the purchase of Oceans for (GBP) Ã, £ 84.6 million (equivalent to R $ 359.5M and US $ 113.2M). After the period of deactivation of the Royal Navy service in March 2018, it will undergo maintenance period in the UK and is expected to arrive in Rio de Janeiro by the end of 2018 with the intent to be commissioned and fully operational by 2020. Brazilian defense officials confirm the purchase, as well as officials from the Ministry British Defense, as of February 17, 2018. In April 2018, one source announced that Ocean would be renamed Atlà ¢ â,¬â "¢ ntico , but without verification official. Other possible names include Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro , the latter having been previously reserved for the next country carrier.

China

Now

One STOBAR operator: Liaoning was originally built as an aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov 57,000 tonnes and Varyag and then purchased as hulk disarmed by China. in 1998 under the pretext of being used as a floating casino, then partially rebuilt and withdrawn to China to be completed. Liaoning was commissioned on September 25, 2012, and started service for testing and training. On 24 or 25 November 2012, Liaoning successfully launched and restored some of Shenyang J-15 fighter jet. He is classified as a training ship, intended to allow the navy to practice with the use of operators. On December 26, 2012, the People's Daily reported that it would take four to five years for Liaoning to reach full capacity, mainly because of training and coordination that would take a lot of time for the Chinese Navy to complete. because this is the first aircraft carrier they have. Since this is a training ship, Liaoning is not assigned to any Chinese operating fleet.

Future

The second carrier was launched on April 26, 2017. It was the first to be built domestically, to the modified design of the Kuznetsov class. The Type 001A aircraft carrier starts a sea test on April 23, 2018, and is scheduled to enter service by 2020.

Chinese officials claimed that the third carrier, also known as the Type 002 aircraft carrier, was being built at the Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard. It will be the first Chinese carrier to use the take-off system from catapult.

Egypt

Now

Egypt signed a contract with the French shipbuilder DCNS to buy two Mistral helicopter carriers for a fee of about 950 million euros. Both ships were originally destined for Russia, but the deal was aborted by France because of Russian involvement in Ukraine.

On June 2, 2016, Egypt received the first of two helicopter operators acquired in October 2015, Dock Gamal Landing Helicopter Abdel Nasser. The flag-raising ceremony took place in front of the Egyptian and French Navy Chiefs of Staff, Chairman and Chief Executive Officers of DCNS and STX France, and senior Egyptian and French officials. On September 16, 2016, DCNS sent the two of the two helicopter carrier helicopters, Anwar El Sadat Aircraft Helicopter who also participated in joint exercises with the French Navy before arriving at the harbor of his home in Alexandria.

Egypt is the first country and so far the only one in Africa or the Middle East to have an aircraft carrier.

French

Now

1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 ton nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and the flagship of the Marine Nationale. The vessel carries the complement of Dassault RafaleÃ, M and E-2C Hawkeye, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for search and combat rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. This is a CATOBAR carrier that uses two catapult steam 75m C13-3 from a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the US class operators Nimitz , a slingshot in the bow and one traverses the front of the landing area.

3 amphibious attack vessels: Mistral class, 21,500 tons of seafront deck filled with hospital and well deck.

India

Now

1 STOBAR carrier: INSÃ, Vikramaditya , 45,400 tons, modified Kiev . The airline was bought by India on January 20, 2004 after years of negotiations with a final price of $ 2.35 billion. The ship successfully completed its sea trials in July 2013 and a test flight in September 2013. He was officially commissioned on November 16, 2013 at a ceremony held in Severodvinsk, Russia.

Future

India began construction of a carrier capacity of 40,000 tons, 260 meters long (850 feet) in aircraft carrier in 2009. The new airline will operate MiG-29K aircraft and HAL Tejas navy along with Indian-made Helicopters HAL Dhruv. The vessel will be powered by four gas turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometers), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 40 aircraft. The carrier is being built by the Cochin Shipyard. The vessel was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018.

Second class Vikrant INSÃ, Vishal carrier with over 65,000 tonnes of planned and possibly nuclear-powered displacement with CATOBAR system to launch and restore heavier aircraft and unmanned combat. airplane. The project is in the design phase as of April 2015.

Italy

Now

2 STOVL operators:

• Giuseppe Garibaldi : 14,000 ton of the Italian STOVL carrier, commissioned in 1985.
• Cavour : 27,000 ton of the Italian STOVL aircraft carrier designed and built with a secondary amphibian attack facility, commissioned in 2008.

Japanese

View chronological list of Japanese carriers

Now

4 helicopter carriers:

• 2 Hy? ga - the destruction of class helicopters - 19,000 tonnes (full charge) anti-submarine warships with command-and-control capabilities that enable them to function as a fleet of ships.
• 2 Izumo - the destruction of the 820-foot-long (250m) helicopter, 19,500-ton (27,000 ton full load) helicopter carrier, launched August 2013 and commissioned in March 2015. It is a ship Japan's largest military since World War II. Ship Izumo's sister , Kaga , assigned in 2017.

Russian

Now

1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov : 55,000 tons Admiral Kuznetsov - STOBAR carrier class. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi , was renamed and operated from 1995. Without catapults it can launch and restore lightly compacted naval fighter aircraft for air defense or anti-ship missions but not conventional bomb attacks the heavy. Officially designated plane carrying the cruiser, he is unique in carrying heavy weapons from defensive explosives and large P-700 Granite missiles. The P-700 system will be removed in future repairs to enlarge aviation facilities below deck and improve its defense system.

Future

The Russian government recently gave the go-ahead for the construction of the Shtorm-class aircraft carrier. This operator will be a CATOBAR and STOBAR hybrid, given the fact that it uses both aircraft launch systems. Carriers are estimated to cost between $ 1.8 billion and $ 5.63 billion. After being assigned, he will replace Admiral Kuznetsov .

South Korea

Now

One -vampire amphibious assault ship 18,860 tons amphibious deck boat full of hospitals and good deck and facilities to serve as a fleet ship.

Future

South Korea believes it can get 2 light aircraft carriers by 2036, which will help make ROKN a blue navy.

Spanish

Now

One LHD (landing helicopter dock) is used as a carrier of the STOVL: Juan Carlos I: 27,000 ton, specially designed multipurpose strategic projection ship that can operate as an amphibious assault carrier or STOVL carrier depending on mission requirements, has facilities complete for both functions including ski jump track, well deck, and vehicle storage area that can be used as additional hangar space, launched in 2008, commissioned on September 30, 2010.

Turkish

Future

TCG Anadolu The L-408 is a planned amphibious assault ship (LHD) from the Turkish Navy which can be configured as a light plane carrier. Construction started on April 30, 2016 by Sedef Shipbuilding Inc. in their Istanbul shipyard and is expected to be completed by 2021.

Thai

Now

One offshore support vessel helicopter: carrier carrier HTMSÃ, Chakri Naruebet : Operator STOVL 11,400 tonne based on Spanish design PrÃÆ'ncipe de Asturias . Commissioned in 1997. The AV-8S Matador/Harrier STOVL fighter, which was largely unplugged in 1999, has retired from service without replacement in 2006. The vessels are now used for royal transport, helicopter operations, and as disaster relief platforms.

United Kingdom

Now

HMSÃ, Queen Elizabeth is assigned in December 2017 and will enter active service by 2020.

Future

The Royal Navy is building a new pair of STOVL aircraft carrier, Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the now-retired Invincible -class carrier. The lead ship is now active and the second of the class, HMSÃ, Prince of Wales is under construction. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft during peace operations, up to 50 during wartime, and will have a displacement of 65,000 tonnes. Early operating capability is scheduled for 2020.

United States

Now

11 CATOBAR operators: Nimitz class: ten 1,000,000 ton nuclear powered fleet vessels, first commissioned in 1975. Nimitz class carriers powered by two nuclear reactors providing steam for four turbines steam and length of 1,092 feet (333 m), and leads its Gerald R. Ford, 110,000-ton, 1,106Ã, ft long and nuclear-powered class, coming into service in 2017.

Nine amphibious assault ships:

• America class: a class of 45,000 tons of amphibious assault vessels, although the aircraft carrier in this class does not have a good deck. One ship in service of 12 vessels planned. This class ship can have a secondary mission as a light carrier with 20 AV-8B Harrier II, and in the future F-35B Lightning II aircraft after lowering their Marines expedition units.
• Wasps class: eighth grade amphibious assault vessel 41,000 tons, members of this class have been used in wartime in their secondary missions as light carriers with 20 to 25 AV-8B after unloading their Marine Expedition Unit.

Future

The current US fleet of class operators Nimitz will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the vessel will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to maintain and operate the vessel. The main new features are the implementation of the Electromagnetic Air Launching System (EMALS) (which replaces the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles.

After the decommissioning of the USS Enterprise in December 2012, the US fleet consisted of 10 aircraft carriers, but that number increased again to 11 by Gerald R. Ford commissioning in July 2017. Subcommittee Seapower Services Armed House on July 24, 2007, recommends seven or eight new operators (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened budgeting for $ 12-14.5 billion (plus $ 12 billion for development and research) for 100,000 tonnes of Gerald R. Ford -class operators (service estimates 2017) compared to amphibious infiltrator vessels 2 smaller ones for $ 2 billion 45,000 tons, capable of deploying the F-35Bs squadron. The first of these classes, USS America , is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli , in development and 9 more planned.

In a report to Congress in February 2018, the Navy stated it intends to keep "12 CVN troops" as part of its 30-year acquisition plan.

src: i.ytimg.com

Flight operators in preservation

Current museum operators

Several aircraft carriers have been preserved as museum boats. They:

• USSÃ, Yorktown Ã, (CV-10) in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
• USSÃ, Intrepid (CV-11) in New York City, New York
• USSÃ, Wasps (CV-12) in Alameda, California
• USSÃ, Lexington (CV-16) in Corpus Christi, Texas
• USS Midway (CV-41) in San Diego, California.
• Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev in Tianjin, China
• Soviet aircraft carrier Minsk in Nantong, China
• INS, Viraat , formerly HMSÃ, Hermes (R12) will be stored in Kakinada, India.

Future museum operators

• USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) has a conservation campaign to take it to Long Beach, California. Kitty Hawk should be stored in backup until USSÃ, John F. Kennedy Ã, (CVN-79) is assigned in 2022. <
• USS John F. Kennedy Ã, (CV-67) is the subject of a conservation campaign in Newport, Rhode Island.
• USS Tarawa (LHA-1) has a conservation campaign to bring it to the United States West Coast as the world's first amphibian museum.

src: upload.wikimedia.org

Also see

Related list

src: regmedia.co.uk

Reference

src: chinapower.csis.org

Further reading

src: static.planetminecraft.com

External links

• Future Aircraft Operators: United Kingdom. International Armed Forces
• Airplane carrier from USN
• Info about flight deck crew, catch cables, slingshows
• How Stuff Works - Aircraft Operators
• Smog & amp; Prolonged, World Aircraft Carrier Registered a full and detailed list of all world carriers and seaplane tender from 1913 to 2001, with photo galleries.
• Amphibious Aircraft Charter: "hush-hush" vessel may play a role in the first trans-Atlantic flight . Popular Science every month, February 1919, page 80, on Google Books.

Source of the article : Wikipedia