Luxembourg (Luxembourg: LÃÆ' Â «tzebuerg , French: Luxembourg , German: Luxembourg ), also known as Luxembourg City (Luxembourg: < i> Stad LÃÆ' Â «tzebuerg or d'Stad , France: Ville de Luxembourg , German: Stadt Luxemburg, Luxemburg-Stadt ), is the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (also called "Luxembourg"), and the most populous commune in the country. Standing at the confluence of the Alzette river and PÃÆ'Â © trusse in southern Luxembourg, the city is located in the heart of Western Europe, located 213 km (132 m) by road from Brussels, 372 km (231 m) from Paris, and 209 km (130Ã, mi ) from Cologne. The city contains Luxembourg Castle, founded by Franks in the Early Middle Ages, where settlements flourished.
In January 2018, Luxembourg City has a population of 116,323, which is more than three times the population of the country's second most populous community (Esch-sur-Alzette).
In 2011, Luxembourg was ranked the second highest GDP per capita in the world at $ 80,119 (PPP), with a city that has evolved into a banking and administrative center. In the 2011 Mercer Worldwide survey of 221 cities, Luxembourg placed first for personal safety while it ranked 19th for quality of life.
Luxembourg is one of the de facto capitals of the European Union (with Brussels and Strasbourg), as it is the center of several European Union institutions, bodies and entities, including the European Court, European Court of Auditors, the European Parliamentary Secretariat, The European Investment Bank, the European Investment Fund, and the European Stability Mechanism.
Video Luxembourg City
Histori
In the Roman era, a fortified tower guarded the intersection of two Roman roads that met on the site of the city of Luxembourg. Through an exchange agreement with the monastery of St. Maximin in Trier in 963, Siegfried I of the Ardennes, a close relative of King Louis II of France and Emperor Otto the Great, obtained a feudal land in Luxembourg. Siegfried built his castle, named Lucilinburhuc ("little castle"), in Bock Fiels ("rock"), mentioned for the first time in the exchange agreement.
In 987, Archbishop Egbert of Trier sanctified the five altars of the Redemption Church (today St. Michael's Church). At the Roman road intersection near the church, a market emerges around where the city is developing.
The city, because of its location and its natural geography, has gone through history into a strategic military strategic place. The first fort was built as early as the 10th century. At the end of the 12th century, as the city progressed westward around St. The new Nicholas (today's Notre Dame cathedral), a newly built wall that covers an area of ​​5 acres (12 hectares). In about 1340, under the rule of John the Blind, a new fort was built which stood until 1867.
In 1443, the Burgundians under Philip the Good conquered Luxembourg. Luxembourg became part of the Burgundian, and then the kingdom of Spain and Austria (See the Spanish Spanish and Spanish road) and under the reign of the Habsburg Luxembourg Castle repeatedly reinforced so that in the 16th century, Luxembourg itself was one of the strongest strongholds in Europe. Furthermore, the Burgundians, Spanish, French, Spanish again, Austrian, French again, and Prussians conquered Luxembourg.
In the 17th century, the first prison forces were built; Originally, Spain built a 23 km (14 mi) tunnel, beginning in 1644. It was later enlarged under French rule by Marshal Vauban, and added under the Austrian government in the 1730s and 1740s.
During the French Revolutionary War, the city was occupied by France twice: once, briefly, in 1792-3, and, later, after a seven-month siege. Luxembourg lasted so long under the French siege that French military politician and engineer Lazare Carnot called Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except for Gibraltar", which gave rise to the nickname of the city: "Gibraltar of the North".
Nevertheless, the Austrian army finally surrendered, and as a consequence, Luxembourg was annexed by the French Republic, became part of the partation of ForÃÆ'ªts, with Luxembourg City as its building. Under the Treaty of 1815 of Paris, which ended the Napoleonic War, the City of Luxembourg was placed under Prussian military control as part of the German Confederation, though sovereignty was passed to the House of Orange-Nassau, in private union with the Dutch Empire.
After the Luxembourg Crisis, the 1867 Treaty of London requires Luxembourg to dismantle the fortress at Luxembourg City. Their destruction took sixteen years, costing 1.5 million gold francs, and required the destruction of more than 24 km (15 million) underground and 4 hectares (9.9 hectares) of casemates, batteries, barracks, etc. Furthermore, Prussian garrison is to be withdrawn.
When, in 1890, Grand Duke William III died without a male heir, the Grand Duchy came out of Dutch hands, and became an independent line under Grand Duke Adolphe. Thus, Luxembourg, which until now is independent in theory alone, became a truly independent state, and the Luxembourg City recovered some of the important things that had been lost in 1867 by becoming the capital of an entirely independent country.
Despite Luxembourg's best efforts to remain neutral in the First World War, it was occupied by Germany on 2 August 1914. On August 30, Helmuth von Moltke moved his headquarters to Luxembourg City, closer to his troops in France in preparation for a quick victory. However, victory never came, and Luxembourg will host Germany's top command for four years. At the end of the occupation, the City of Luxembourg was the scene of the communist revolution; on November 9, 1918, the communists declared a socialist republic, but lasted only a few hours.
In 1921, the city limit was expanded. The communes of Eich, Hamm, Hollerich, and Rollingergrund were incorporated into Luxembourg City, making it the largest commune town in the country (a position to be maintained until 1978).
In 1940, Germany occupied Luxembourg again. The Nazis were not prepared to allow the independent government of Luxembourg, and gradually blend Luxembourg into the Third Reich by unofficially attaching the state administratively to adjacent German provinces. Under the occupation, the streets of the capital all received new German names, announced on October 4, 1940. The Avenue de la Liberté, for example, the main road to the railway station, named "Adolf-HitlerstraÃÆ'Ÿe". Luxembourg City was released on 10 September 1944. The city was under long-range bombing by the German V-3 cannons in December 1944 and January 1945.
After the war, Luxembourg ended its neutrality, and became a founding member of several inter-governmental and supra-governmental institutions. In 1952, the city became the headquarters of the European Society for Coal and Steel Societies. In 1967, the Higher Authority was merged with commissions from other European institutions; although Luxembourg City ceased to be a place at the ECSC, he hosted several part-time sessions of the European Parliament until 1981. Luxembourg remains the seat of the European Parliament secretariat, as well as the European Courts, European Court of Auditors, and European Investment Bank. Several European Commission departments are also based in Luxembourg.
Maps Luxembourg City
Geography
The highest point of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg is Kneiff at 560 m, followed by Burgplatz at 559 m and Napoleonsgaart at 554 m.
Topography
The city of Luxembourg is located in the southern part of the Luxembourg highlands, a large early Jurassic Sand formation forming the heart of Gutland, lowlands and flat areas covering two-thirds of the southern part of the country.
The city center occupies a beautiful site in a prominent place, perched high on a steep cliff that falls into the narrow valley of the Alzette river and Pale trusse, whose meeting is in Luxembourg City. Gorges in the depths of 70 m (230 ft) cut by the rivers are stretched by many bridges and viaducts, including Adolphe Bridge, the Grand Duchess Bridge of Charlotte, and Passerelle. Although Luxembourg City is not very big, the layout is very complex, because the city is located on several levels, stretching in the hills and falling into two gorges.
The Luxembourg City community covers an area of ​​more than 51 km 2 (20 m²), or 2% of the total Grand Duchy area. This makes the fourth largest commune town in Luxembourg, and by far the largest urban area. The city of Luxembourg is not very densely populated, about 1,700 people per km 2 ; large areas of Luxembourg City are maintained as parks, forest areas, or important relics sites (especially UNESCO sites), while there is also extensive farmland within the city limits.
Quarters of Luxembourg City
The city of Luxembourg is divided into twenty-four parts (French: quartiers ), which includes the whole commune. Quarters generally correspond to the main neighborhoods and suburbs of Luxembourg, although some historical districts, such as Bonnevoie, are split between two quarters.
Climate
Considering its latitude, Luxembourg City has a calm sea climate, with moderate rainfall, cold winter temperatures and cool and temperate summers. Medium to heavy cloud cover is present for more than two-thirds of the year.
Government
Local government
Under Luxembourg's constitution, the local government centered on the city's communal councils. Consisting of twenty-seven members (set since 1964), each elected every six years on the second Sunday of October and taking office on 1 January next year, the council is the largest communal council in Luxembourg. The city is currently considered the stronghold of the Democratic Party (DP), which is the third largest nationally. Currently, the Democratic Party is the largest party in the council, with eleven board members.
The city administration is led by the mayor, who is the leader of the largest party in the communal council. After Xavier Bettel became Luxembourg's new prime minister on December 4, 2013, Lydie Polfer (DP) was sworn in as Luxembourg's new mayor on December 17 of the same year. The mayor presides over the cabinet, the collÃÆ'¨ge ÃÆ' Â © chevinal , in which the DP forms a coalition with the Green Party. Unlike other cities in Luxembourg, which are limited to the four most chezins, Luxembourg is given a special dispensation to have six è chevins on the collÃÆ'Â ¨ge its ÃÆ' Â © chevinal .
National government
Luxembourg City is the center of Luxembourg's government. The Grand Ducal family of Luxembourg lives in Berg Castle in Colmar-Berg.
For the national election to the Deputy Chamber, the city is located in the center of the constituency.
European Institution
The city of Luxembourg is the center of several EU institutions, bodies and agencies, including the European Court, the European Commission, the European Parliament secretariat, the European Court of Auditors and the European Investment Bank. The majority of these institutions are located in the Kirchberg quarter, in the northeast of the city.
Culture
Although the size of the city is relatively small, it has several famous museums: the recently renovated Museum of History and National Art (MNHA), the Luxembourg City History Museum, the Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam) and the National Museum of Natural History (NMHN). The city of Luxembourg itself is on the UNESCO World Heritage List, because of the historical importance of its forts. In addition to its two main theaters, the Grand ThÃÆ'Â © ÃÆ' Â ¢ tre de Luxembourg and ThÃÆ'Â © ÃÆ' Â ¢ Â ¢ tre des Capucins, there is a new concert hall, the Philharmonie, as well as a conservatory with a large auditorium. Art galleries include Villa Vauban, Casino Luxembourg, and Am Tunnel.
Luxembourg is the first city to be named the Capital of European Culture twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007, along with the Romanian city Sibiu, the Capital of European Culture was a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium; Lorraine area in France. This event is an effort to promote mobility and exchange of ideas, across borders in all areas, physical, psychological, artistic and emotional.
The city of Luxembourg is also famous for its wide selection of restaurants and cuisines, including four Michelin starred restaurants.
Sports
The ING Europe Marathon has been contested every year in the capital since June 2006. It attracted 11,000 runners and over 100,000 spectators during the 2014 edition
BGL Luxembourg Open is a tennis tournament held since 1991 in the capital. The tournament runs from October 13 to 21. BGL BNP Paribas, one of the world's most renowned tennis sponsors, is the title sponsor of the tournament contract until 2014.
D'Coque National Sports and Culture Center, in the Kirchberg quarter, is the largest sports venue in the country, with a capacity of 8,300 for indoor sports and swimming.
Two football clubs in the city of Luxembourg; Racing FC Union Luxembourg and FC RM Hamm Benfica, playing in the country's highest league, Luxembourg National Division. The 8,000-capacity Stade Josy Barthel hosted Luxembourg's national football team, and CAL Spore Luxembourg, with 400 members of the country's largest athletic club.
Places of interest
Places of interest include the Gothic Revival Cathedral of Notre Dame, the castle, the AM Tunnels (underground art gallery), the Grand Ducal Palace, the memorial monument GÃÆ' Â «lle Fra, the casemates, the NeumÃÆ'¼nster Monastery, the Place d'Armes, the Adolphe Bridge and the Hall city. The city is home to the University of Luxembourg and RTL Group.
American Burial and Memorial The Second World War of Luxembourg lies within the borders of Luxembourg in Hamm. This cemetery is the final resting place of 5,076 American military deaths, including General George S. Patton. There are also memorials for 371 Americans whose bodies have never been found or identified.
Transport
Highway
Luxembourg is located in the heart of Europe in the Golden Triangle between Frankfurt, Paris and Amsterdam. It is therefore connected to several international highways and routes.
- A1 (E44): to Grevenmacher and Trier (Germany).
- A3 (E25): to Dudelange and Thionville (France).
- A4: to Esch-sur-Alzette and to A13 to Petange, Athus (Belgium) and Longwy (France)
- A6 (E25/E411): to Arlon and Brussels.
- A7 (E421): to Mersch and EttelbrÃÆ'¼ck.
Public transport
Rel
The city of Luxembourg is served by five railway stations operated by the state railway company, including the principal and terminus stations of all railways at Grand Duchy , Luxembourg station. The stations in Luxembourg City are serviced by a domestic rail service operated by CFLs, as well as international rail services, operated by CFLs and service providers Germany, Belgium and France. In addition, the Luxembourg station is connected to the French TGV Est network, providing high-speed services to Paris and Strasbourg. Services to Basel and ZÃÆ'¼rich in Switzerland are available through two scheduled international trains each day.
Bus
The city of Luxembourg has a network of 31 bus routes, operated by the city's transport authority, Autobus de la Ville de Luxembourg (AVL), partially subcontracted to private bus companies. There is also a free bus service connecting Glacis to Luxembourg station, "Joker Line" for seniors, and "city night network". The scheme of "Park & ​​Ride" is operated by a city with five car parks connected to the bus network. In addition to the AVL bus, CFL and RGTR operate regional buses to other areas in Luxembourg and nearby cities in Germany and France.
Tram
On December 10, 2017, the first phase of the new tram line in Luxembourg City opened between Luxexpo and the Grand Duchess Bridge of Charlotte serving the Kirchberg quarter. The extension to the city center ( StÃÆ'¤replaz-ÃÆ' â € toile ) is planned in August 2018. Further extension to Luxembourg stations, Bonnevoie, Howald and Cloche d'Or will be completed by 2020/21.
Air
Luxembourg City is served by the only international airport in the country: Luxembourg Airport (code: IATA: LUX, ICAO: ELLX). Accessibility to the airport, located in the Sandweiler commune, 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) from the city center, is provided via the city bus network, with tram connections to be completed by 2021. The airport is the main center for Luxembourg flag carrier Luxair and one of the airlines the largest cargo in the world, Cargolux.
International relations
Luxembourg is a member of the city QuattroPole union, along with Trier, SaarbrÃÆ'¼cken, and Metz (neighboring countries: Germany and France).
Twin towns - Twin cities
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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