A golf ball is a special ball designed for use in golfing.
Under the rules of golf, the golf ball has a mass of not more than 1,620 oz (45.93 grams), has a diameter of not less than 1,680 at (42.67 mm), and performs within certain speed, distance, and symmetry limits. Like a golf club, golf balls must be tested and approved by R & amp; A (formerly part of Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews) and the US Golf Association, and which are not compliant with the rules should not be used in the competition (Rule 5-1) .
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Histori
It is generally believed that hardwoods, round balls are the first balls used for golf between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. Although they are unquestionably used for other contemporary ball and ball games, made of hardwoods such as beech and box, there is no definite proof that they are used in golf in Scotland. Similarly, if it is not possible, that leather balls filled with cowhide are used, imported from the Netherlands at least from 1486 onwards. Later or later, the featherie balls are developed and introduced. A featherie, or feathery, is a round hand-stitched leather pouch stuffed with chicken or goose feathers and coated with paint, usually white. Measurement of the volume for the feathers was a man's high hat full of feathers. The feathers are boiled and mashed before being put into a leather pouch. Making featherie is a tedious and time-consuming process. Experienced footballers can only make a few balls in one day, so the price is expensive. One ball will cost between 2 shillings and 5 shillings, which is equivalent to 10 to 20 US dollars today.
There are some weaknesses in the featherie. First, it is difficult to make a perfectly round spherical ball, and because of this, featherie often flies irregularly. Also, when the featherie becomes too wet, the distance will decrease, and there is the possibility of open opening when hit by a hit when hit or when hitting the ground or other hard surfaces. Nevertheless, the featherie was still a dramatic improvement over the wooden ball, and remained the standard golf ball until the 19th century.
In 1848, the Reverend Dr. Robert Adams Paterson (sometimes spelled Patterson) finds gutta-percha balls (or guttie , gutty ). The guttie is made from the dried sap of the Malaysian sawo tree. The sap has a rubbery feel and can be made round by heating and forming it in a round mold. Because gutties are less expensive to produce, can be re-shaped if they become out-of-round or damaged, and have improved aerodynamic quality, they soon become the preferred balls to use. Incidentally, it was found that the incision in the guttie of normal usage actually gives the ball with a ball more consistent than the guttie with perfectly smooth surface. Thus, the makers begin to deliberately create a curve to the surface of a new ball using a knife or a hammer and a chisel, giving guttie a textured surface. Many patterns are tried and used. These new gutties, with nubs protruding out with carvings of path patterns on the surface of the sphere, became known as "thorn bushes" due to their resemblance to bushes.
The next major breakthrough in golf ball development took place in 1898. Coburn Haskell from Cleveland, Ohio has been driving to nearby Akron, Ohio for a golfing date with Bertram Work, Superintendent of the Goodrich B.F Company. While he was waiting at the factory for Working, Haskell took some rubber threads and wrapped it around a ball. When he bounced the ball, the ball flew almost to the ceiling. The suggested work of Haskell puts a cover on creation, and it is the birth of a 20th century wound golf ball that will soon replace the guttie jerky balls. This new design is known as Haskell rubber golf ball. For decades, rubber wound balls comprise a spherical core filled with liquid or solid that is wrapped with a layer of rubber thread into a nucleus in a larger round and then covered with a thin outer shell made of the sap of balata. The balata is a native tree to Central and South America and the Caribbean. The tree was tapped and the viscous soft liquid released was a rubber-like material similar to gutta-percha, which was found to make the ideal cover for a golf ball. Balata, however, is relatively soft. If the leading edge of a very short iron is high, ball-closed ball contact at a location other than the bottom of the cut or "smile" ball will often be the result, making the ball unfit to play on many occasions.
In the early 1900s, it was discovered that the ball dimple provides more control over the ball path, flying, and spinning. David Stanley Froy, James McHardy, and Peter G. Fernie received a patent in 1897 for a ball with indents; Froy played at the Open in 1900 at the Old Course at St. Andrews with the first prototype. Players can add additional backspin to new wounds, dimpled balls while using more lofted clubs, thus encouraging the ball to stop faster on the green. Manufacturers immediately began selling various types of golf balls with various dimple patterns to increase the length, trajectory, rotation, and overall "taste" characteristics of the new wound golf balls. Wounds, baled-covered golf balls were used until the end of the 20th century.
In the mid-1960s, a new synthetic resin, an ethylene acid ionomer named Surlyn, was introduced (by EI du Pont de Nemours and Company), as a new urethane mixture for golf balls, and these new materials soon replaced balata as they proved more resistant old and more resistant to cutting. Along with a variety of other ingredients that begin to be used to replace the internal ball of rubber injuries, golf balls are classified as two-piece, three-piece or four-part spheres according to the number of layered components. These base materials continue to be used in modern spheres, with further advances in technology creating balls that can be adapted to the strengths and weaknesses of players, and even allow for a combination of previously mutually exclusive characteristics.
The core liquid is commonly used in golf balls as early as 1917. The liquid core in many of the early balls contains caustic fluid, usually alkaline, causing eye injury to children who happen to be dissecting golf balls out of curiosity. In the 1920s, golf ball manufacturers had stopped using caustic fluid, but into the 1970s and 1980s golf balls still occasionally explode when dissected and causing injury due to the presence of crushed crystalline materials present in the liquid core.
In 1967, Spalding purchased a patent for a solid golf ball from Jim Bartsch. The original patent proposed a ball vacuum from the previous layered approach seen in the previous design, but Bartsch's patent lacked the chemical properties required in its manufacture. Under Spalding, and a team of chemical engineering, the development of chemical resins eliminates the need for previously layered components. Since now, most non-professional golfers have switched to a solid core (or "2-piece" golf ball).
The specifications for the golf ball are continuously governed by the governing body of the game; namely, The Royal & amp; Ancient (The R & amp; A), formerly part of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, and the US Golf Association (USGA).
Maps Golf ball
Rule
The Rules of Golf, jointly governed by R & amp; A and USGA, states in Appendix III that the golf ball diameter is "suitable" should not be less than 1.680 inches (42.67 mm), and the ball's weight may not exceed 1,620 ounces (45.93 g). The ball should also have a symmetrical spherical spherical nature, generally meaning the ball itself must be round and must have symmetrical arrangement of the mortar on its surface. Additional rules of direct players and producers for other technical documents issued by R & amp; A and USGA with additional restrictions, such as the radius and depth of the dimple, the maximum launch speed of the test equipment (generally defining the restitution coefficient) and the maximum total distance when launched from the test equipment.
In general, the governing bodies and their regulations seek to provide a relatively even playing field and maintain the traditional form of games and equipment, while not completely discontinuing the use of new technology in equipment design.
Until 1990, allowed to use the ball less than 1.68 inches in the tournament under the jurisdiction of R & amp; A, which differs in the specification rules of the ball from USGA. This ball is usually called the "English" ball, while the golf ball approved by the USGA is just an "American ball". The smaller diameter gives the player a distance advantage, especially in high winds, since the smaller ball creates a smaller "wake" behind it.
Aerodynamics
When a golf ball is struck, its impact, which lasts less than a millisecond, determines ball speed, launch angle and rotational speed, all of which affect trajectory and behavior when touching the ground.
A ball that travels through the air undergoes two major aerodynamic styles, lift and drag. The dappled spheres farther away from the non-dimpling balls due to a combination of these two effects.
First, the dimples on the surface of the golf ball cause the boundary layer on the upstream side of the ball to transition from laminar to turbulent. The turbulent boundary layer is able to remain attached to the ball surface longer than the laminar boundary and thus creates a narrower lower pressure build and therefore less tensile pressure. The reduction in tensile pressure causes the ball to travel further.
Second, backspin produces lift by altering the airflow around the ball, in a manner similar to that of an airplane wing. This is called the Magnus effect.
Backspin is given in almost every pick up as a golf club loft (i.e., angles between clubface and vertical plane). The backspinning ball has an upward lift which makes it fly higher and longer than the ball without rotation.
Sidespin occurs when the clubface is not aligned perpendicular to the direction of the swing or ball-to-target line, which leads to a lift force that creates the ball curve to one side or the other based on the direction in which the clubface refers to the impact. Lesung allows both sidespin to occur as well as to promote an upward angular lift. Some dimple designs are claimed to reduce the effects of sidepin to provide a more straight ball flight.
To maintain optimal aerodynamics, golf balls should be clean, including all dimples. Thus, it is recommended that golfers wash their balls whenever allowed by the rules of golf. Golfers can wash their balls manually using a wet towel or use a ball washer with some kind.
Design
The first dimples became a feature of a golf ball when British engineer and manufacturer William Taylor, the founder of the Taylor-Hobson company, registered a patent for the dimple design in 1905. William Taylor has noticed that golfers are trying to irregularize the ball, realizing that the ball is used more of the new. Therefore he decided to make a systematic test to determine what surface formation would give the best flight. He then developed a pattern consisting of spaced indents regularly over the entire surface, and later tools to help produce the ball in series. Other types of patterned coverings are used at about the same time, including so-called "mesh" and others call it. "Bramble", but the dimples become the dominant design because of "the superiority of the dimpled cover in flight".
Most golf balls sold today have around 250-450 dimples, although there are balls with over 1000 dimples. The record holder is a ball with 1,070 dimples - 414 larger (in four different sizes) and 656 of pinhead size.
The approved ball is officially designed as symmetric as possible. This symmetry is the result of a dispute stemming from Polara, a ball that was sold in the late 1970s that had six lines of normal dimples on the equator but very sluggish elsewhere. This asymmetrical design helps the ball adjust its own lap round during flight. The USGA refused to sanction to play the tournament and, in 1981, changed the rules to ban asymmetrical aerodynamic balls. Polara producers sued the USGA and the association paid US $ 1,375 million in an off-court settlement in 1985. Polara Golf now produces the ball with "Self-Correcting Technology" for non-tournament games.
Golf balls are usually white, but available in other high-visibility colors, which help find the ball when it's lost or when playing in low-light or freezing conditions.
As well as carrying the name of the maker or logo, the ball is usually printed with numbers or other symbols to help players identify their balls.
Behavior
Today, golf balls are produced using a variety of different materials, offering a variety of play characteristics that match the player's abilities and desired flight and landing behavior.
The main consideration is "compression", usually determined by the hardness of the spherical core layer. The harder "compression" balls will fly farther for a more efficient transfer of energy into the ball, but will also send more surprises through the club into the player's hands ("hard feelings"). A softer "compression low" ball would do the opposite. Golfers usually prefer to feel softer, especially in "short games," because the softer balls usually also have a larger backspin with lofted iron. But driving distance is also very important for many players who want to get a green color with fewer blows to chance on birds or eagles, a softer ball will be reduced by wasting some of the impact energy in compression.
Another consideration is the "spin", influenced by compression and by the cover material; The "high spin" ball allows more surface balls to touch the impact in front of the club, allowing clubface grooves to "grasp" the ball and push more backspin at launch. Backspin creates lift that can increase hauling distance, and also provides a "bite" that allows the ball to capture forward motion at the starting point of the impact, bouncing upwards or even backwards, allowing precise positioning of the ball in the green with a shot approach. However, the high spin covering material, usually softer, less durable that shortens the useful life of the ball, and the unwanted backspin on most remote shoots, such as with the driver, because it causes a shot to the "balloon" and then bites the fairway, when the rolling distance extra is usually desirable.
Finally, the mortar pattern plays a role. By setting, the arrangement of the dimple on the ball should be as symmetrical as possible; However, the dimples should not have the same size, or in a uniform distribution. This allows the designers to adjust the dimple pattern in such a way that the resistance to the spinning is lower along certain axes of rotation and higher along the rest; this causes the ball to "settle" to be one of the low resistance axes that (the golfer hopes) close parallel to the ground and perpendicular to the direction of travel, thereby eliminating the "sidespin" induced by a slight mishit, which will cause the ball to warp from the flight path intended. A very bad ball will remain curved, because the ball will settle into a rotary axis that is not parallel to the ground which, like the wings of an airplane, will cause a shot to the bank left or right.
Options
There are many types of golf balls on the market, and customers often face tough decisions. The golf ball is divided into two categories: recreational ball and advanced ball. The recreational ball is oriented to ordinary golfers, who generally have low swing speeds (80 miles per hour (130 km/h) or lower) and lose golf balls on the field with ease. These balls are made of two layers, with a firmer cover than the core. The low compression and spin reduction characteristics of their side correspond to a lower swing speed than the average golfer is good enough. Furthermore, they generally have lower prices than an advanced ball, reducing the financial impact of losing the ball to danger or out of bounds.
The advanced ball is made of several layers (three or more), with soft cover and a strong core. They induce more rounds of lofted shots (especially wedges), as well as the sensation of tenderness in the hand in close-range shots. However, these balls require a greater swing speed that can only be performed by a strong physical player to suppress the impact. If the golf ball compression does not match the golfer's swing speed, either the lack of compression or excessive compression will occur, resulting in a loss of distance. There are many brands and colors to choose from, with colored balls and better brands generally becoming more expensive, making individual choices more difficult.
Exercise/sphere ball
The training ball or ball range is similar to a recreational golf ball, but is designed to be cheap, durable and has shorter flight distances while retaining the main "real" golf ball behavior and thus providing useful feedback for players. All of these are desirable qualities to use in environments such as the driving range, which may be limited in maximum distance, and must have thousands of balls in hand at any time that are every hit and miss hundreds of times during their useful life.
To achieve this goal, practicing the ball is usually more difficult than the recreational ball, having a stronger and more durable cover to withstand normal abrasion caused by the club's hitting surface, and made as cheaply as possible while maintaining a durable and quality product.. The training balls are usually labeled with "PRACTICE" in bold, and often also have one or more lines or lines printed on them, allowing the player (and high-speed imaging tool) to see the ball spin easier when leaving the tee or hitting the grass.
Exercise the ball in accordance with all applicable requirements of the Golf Rules, and therefore legal for use in the field, but since the hit characteristics are not ideal, players usually opt for a better quality ball for the actual game.
Recycled balls
Players, especially beginners and freelancers, lose a lot of balls during a round game. The ball hits the water hazard, the penalty area, buried deep in the sand, and if not lost or dormant while playing is the constant source of rubbish that park guards must confront, and can confuse players during rounds that might hit the ball left (penalize with strict rules). An estimated 1.2 billion balls are produced each year and about 300 million are lost in the US alone.
Various devices such as nets, rakes, sand rakes etc. have been developed that help field-keeping staff in collecting the ball efficiently from the path as they accumulate. Once collected, they may be discarded, stored by field guard staff for their own use, diverted on the club's driving range, or sold in bulk to the recycling company. These companies clean and coat the ball to remove blisters and blemishes, judge them according to the quality produced, and sell different levels of playable balls to golfers via retailers at discounted prices.
Balls used or recycled with clear surface deformations, abrasion or other degradation are known informally as "shags", and while they remain useful for various forms of practice exercises such as chipping, putting and driving, and can be used for casual play, the player usually choose a higher-quality second-hand ball, or new balls, while playing in serious competition. Other grades are usually given a letter or ownership term, and are usually differentiated by the cost and quality of the ball when it is new and the company's ability to return the ball to a "like new" state. The "upper class" ball is usually a ball that is considered the state of the art at the moment and, after clearing and surface, can not be distinguished externally from the new ball sold by the manufacturer.
Markouts/X-Outs
In addition to recycled balls, casual golfers who want to buy quality balls at discounted prices can often buy "X-outs". This is a "second factory"; balls that have failed the standard quality control testing of the factory and which therefore the manufacturer does not want to sell with its brand name. To avoid loss of money on materials and labor, however, balls that are generally still in accordance with the Rules are marked to obscure the brand name (usually with a series of "X", the most common term "X-out"), packaged in a generic box and sold at great discounts.
Typically, the defects that cause the ball to fail QC have no significant effect on the characteristics of the flight (balls with serious defects are usually discarded directly at the manufacturing plant), and so this "X-out" will often appear identical to those colleagues who have passed the company QC. Thus they are a good choice for relaxing play. However, since the balls have been effectively "disowned" for practical and legal purposes by their manufacturers, they are not considered to be the same as a brand-name ball on the Golf Ball List published by USGA. Therefore, when playing in tournaments or other events requiring the ball used by players to appear on this list as "competitive conditions", X-outs of any kind are illegal.
Marking and personalizing
Golfers need to distinguish their ball from other players to ensure that they are not playing the wrong ball. This is often done by marking the ball using a permanent marker like Sharpie. A number of widely used signs; the majority of good players only write their start in a certain color, or color in a particular arrangement of dimples on the ball. Many players make some signs so at least one can be seen without having to lift the ball. Marking tools such as stamps and stencils are available to speed up the tagging process.
As an alternative, balls are usually sold pre-marked with brands and models of golf balls, and also with letters, numbers or symbols. This combination can usually (but not always) be used to distinguish ball players from other balls in the game and from balls lost or left on the pitch. Companies, state clubs and event organizers usually have the ball printed with their logo as a promotional tool, and some professional players are given the ball by their specially-printed sponsors with something unique to the player (their name, signature, or personal symbol).
Radio location
Golf balls with embedded radio transmitters to allow lost balls to be discovered were first introduced in 1973, only to be quickly banned for use in the competition. Recently RFID transponders have been used for this purpose, although this is also illegal in tournaments. But this technology can be found in some computer driving range. In this format, each sphere used in the range has RFID with its own unique transponder code. When it is eliminated, the range records every ball that is distributed to the player, who then strikes them towards the target in the range. When players hit the ball to the target, they receive the distance and accuracy information calculated by the computer. The use of this technology was first commercialized by World Golf Systems Group to create TopGolf, the brand and the computerized range chain that is now owned by the International Management Company.
World record
Canadian hard drive champion Jason Zuback broke the world speed record on an episode of Sport Science with a golf ball speed of 328 km/h (204 mph). The previous record of 302 km/h (188 mph) is held by JosÃÆ'Â © RamÃÆ'³n Areitio, player Jai Alai.
See also
- Airflow ball
References
Further reading
- Penner, A.R. (2001). "Golf physics: Convex face driver". American Journal of Physics , 69 (10), 1073-1081. DOI: 10.1119/1.1380380. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2816
- Penner, A.R. (2001). "Golf physics: Optimum loft of driver". American Journal of Physics , 69 (5), 563-568. DOI: 10.1119/1.1344164. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2821
External links
- An online golf ball museum with over 1000 different golf balls
- Aerodynamic ball of golf ball
- Golf Ball Get Zip Built , July 1950, Detailed article on Popular Science about Golf Ball production
History
- The history of golf balls
- All about Golf Balls
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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