United States Forest Service ( USFS ) is an agency of the US Department of Agriculture that manages 154 national forests and 20 national pastures, covering 193 million hectares (780,000 × km < soup> 2 ). The main divisions of the agency include the National Forestry System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and Research and Development branches. Managing about 25% of federal land, it is the only major national land agency located outside the US Department of the Interior.
Video United States Forest Service
Histori
The concept of National Forest was born from the conservation group Theodore Roosevelt, Boone and Crockett Club, because of concerns about Yellowstone National Park beginning as early as 1875. In 1876, Congress created the Office of Special Agents in the Department of Agriculture to assess the quality and condition of forests in the United States. Franklin B. Hough was appointed head of the office. In 1881, the office expanded into the newly formed Forest Division . The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 allows the withdrawal of land from the public domain as "forest reserves," administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs. In 1901, the Forestry Division was renamed to the Forestry Bureau . The Transfer Act of 1905 redirects the management of forest reserves from the General Affairs Office of the Ministry of Home Affairs to the Forestry Bureau, hereinafter known as the US Forest Service . Gifford Pinchot was the first US Justice Chief in Theodore Roosevelt Presidency.
Significant federal laws affecting the Forest Service include the Law of 1911 Week, the Double Use - The Sustainable Results Act 1960, P.L. 86-517; Wilderness Act, P.L. 88-577; National Forest Management Law, P.L. 94-588; National Environmental Policy Law, P.L. 91-190; Cooperative Forestry Assistance Law, P.L. 95-313; and Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resources Planning Act, P.L. 95-307.
In February 2009, the Government Accountability Office evaluated whether the Forest Service should be transferred from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of Home Affairs, which includes the National Parks Service, Fish and Wildlife Service and the Land Management Bureau, manages approximately 438 million acres (1,770,000 km 2 ) from public land.
Maps United States Forest Service
Organization
Overview
In 2009, the Forest Service had a total budget authority of $ 5.5 billion, of which 42% was spent putting out fires. The Forest Service employs 34,250 employees in 750 locations, including 10,050 firefighters, 737 law enforcement personnel, and 500 scientists.
The mission of the Forest Service is "To maintain the health, diversity, and productivity of National forests and meadows to meet the needs of present and future generations." His motto is "Caring for the land and serving people." As the main federal agency in the conservation of natural resources, the US Forest Service provides leadership in the protection, management and use of forests, rainforests, and aquatic ecosystems. The institutional ecosystem approach to management integrates ecological, economic, and social factors to maintain and improve the quality of the environment to meet current and future needs. Through the implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and sustaining the diversity of species and ecological productivity that help provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness and aesthetic value to current generations and the future of people..
The daily work of the Forest Service balances resource extraction, resource protection, and provides recreation. This work includes managing 193,000,000 hectares (780,000 km 2 ) of national forests and grasslands, including 59,000,000 hectares (240,000 km 2 ) from non-road areas; 14,077 recreational areas; 143,346 miles (230,693 km) off course; 374,883 miles (603,316 km) of roads; and harvest 1.5 billion trees per year. Furthermore, the Forest Service fires 2,996,000 acres (12,120 km 2 ) of land in 2007.
Forest Service organizations include ranger districts, national forests, territories, research stations and research work units and Northeast Area Offices for State and Private Forestry. Each level has responsibility for various functions.
National
The Head of the Forest Service is a federal career employee who oversees all agencies. The head reported to the Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment at the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), a Senate-confirmed appointment of the President. The Chief Staff provides broad policy and direction for the agency, working with the Administration to develop a budget to submit to Congress, providing Congress with information about achievements, and monitoring activities of the agency. There are five deputy heads for the following areas: National Forestry System, State and Private Forestry, Research and Development, Business Operations, and Finance.
Research stations and research units
The Forest Service Research and Development Area encompasses five research stations, the Forest Products Laboratory, and the Tropical International Forest Institute, in Puerto Rico. The station director, like the regional foresters, reports to the Head. Research stations include North, Northwest Pacific, Pacific Southwest, Rocky Mountain, and Southern. There are 92 research work units located at 67 sites across the United States. there are 80 Experimental and Range Forests that have been established progressively since 1908; many sites over the age of 50 years. This system provides a place for long-term science and management studies in the main vegetation type of 195 million hectares (790,000 km 2 ) from public land managed by the Forest Service. Each site ranges from 47 to 22,500 ha in size.
Forest Operations and Experimental Ranges are directed by a local research team for each location, by Research Station for the area in which they are located, and at the Forest Service level.
Key themes in research in Forests and Experimental Ranges include: developing systems for managing and restoring forests, land, and watersheds; investigate the workings of forest and river ecosystems; the characteristics of plant and animal communities; observe and interpret long-term environmental changes and many other themes.
Territory
There are nine areas within the USDA Forest Service; numbered 1 to 10 (Region 7 was omitted in 1965 when the Eastern Region is currently made from the former East and North Central regions.). Each covers a large geographical area and is led by a regional foresters reporting directly to the Head. Regional foresters have a broad responsibility to coordinate activities among various forests in the region, to provide overall leadership for regional natural and social programs, and for coordinated regional land use planning.
- Northern Region : based in Missoula, Montana, Northern Region (R1) includes six states (Montana, North Idaho, North Dakota, Northwest Dakota, Northeast Washington, and Northwest Wyoming), twelve National Forests and one National Grassland.
- Rocky Mountain : based in Golden, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Region (R2) includes five states (Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas and most of Wyoming and South Dakota), sixteen National Forests and seven National Meadows.
- Southwest : based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Southwest Region (R3) includes two states (New Mexico and Arizona) and eleven National Forests.
- Intermountain : based in Ogden, Utah, Intermountain Region (R4) includes four states (Southern Idaho, Nevada, Utah and Western Wyoming), twelve national forests.
- Pacific Southwest : based in Vallejo, California, the Southwest Pacific Region (R5) includes two states (California and Hawaii), eighteen National Forests and one Management Unit.
- Pacific Northwest : based in Portland, Oregon, Northwest Pacific Region (R6) includes two states (Washington and Oregon), seventeen National Forests and one National Landscape.
- South : based in Atlanta, Georgia, Southern Region (R8) includes thirteen states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, Tennessee , Texas, Oklahoma and Virginia; and Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands), and thirty-four National Forests.
- Eastern : based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Eastern Region (R9) includes twenty states (Maine, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Indiana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Delaware, and New Jersey), seventeen National Forests, one Grassland and the American Outdoor Center for Conservation, Recreation and Resources.
- Alaska : based in Juneau, Alaska, Alaska Region (R10) includes one state (Alaska), and two National Forests.
National Forest or Meadow
The Forest Service oversees 155 national forests and 20 grasslands. Each administrative unit typically consists of several ranger districts, under the direction of the entire forest watchdog. Within the supervisory office, staff coordinate inter-district activities, allocate budgets, and provide technical support to each district. The forest superintendent is a line officer and reports to regional foresters.
Ranger District
The Forest Service has more than 600 ranger districts. Each district has a staff of 10 to 100 people under the direction of a district officer, a line officer who reports to forest superintendents. District varies in size from 50,000 hectares (200 km 2 ) to over 1 million hectares (4,000 km 2 ). Most of the field activities took place in the ranger district, including road construction and maintenance, camping operations, and management of wildlife vegetation and habitats.
Major divisions
Law Enforcement & amp; Investigation
U.S. Forest Law Enforcement & amp; Unit investigation (LEI), headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a US federal government law enforcement agency. Responsible for the enforcement of federal laws and regulations governing national forest land and resources. All Law Enforcement Officers and Special Agencies Receive their training through the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).
Operations are divided into two main functional areas:
- Law enforcement: uniform law enforcement and high visibility
- Investigations: special agents that investigate crimes against property, visitors, and employees
Uniformed Law Enforcement Officers (LEO) enforce federal laws and regulations governing forest land and national resources. LEO also enforces some or all of the state laws in the National Forest Lands. As part of the mission, the LEO carries firearms, defensive equipment, conducts arrests, executes search warrants, reports, and testifies in court. They build regular and recurring presence in a large number of public land, roads, and recreational areas. The main focus of their work is the protection of natural resources, the protection of Dinas Kehutanan employees and the protection of visitors. To cover a wide and varied field under their jurisdiction, they use Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors, special service SUVs, horses, K-9 units, helicopters, snowmobiling, dirt bikes, and boats.
Special Agent is a criminal investigator who plans and investigates possible violations of criminal and administrative provisions of the Forest Service and other sculptures under the United States Code. Special agents are usually plainclothes officers carrying hidden firearms, and other defense equipment, making arrests, conducting complicated criminal investigations, filing cases for prosecution to US Attorneys, and preparing investigative reports. All field agents are required to travel large and usually maintain the burden of cases of ten to fifteen ongoing criminal investigations at one time. Criminal investigators sometimes investigate internal and civil claims.
National Forest System
193 million hectares (780,000 km 2 ) from public land managed as national forest and grasslands are collectively known as the National Forest System. The land is located in 44 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands and consists of about 9% of the total land area in the United States. The lands are organized into 155 national forests and 20 national pastures. The mission of the National Forest System is to protect and manage forest land so that they demonstrate sustainable, multi-use management concepts, using an ecological approach, to meet the diverse needs of the community.
Private and State Forestry
The mission of the State and Private Forestry program is to provide technical and financial assistance to private landowners, state institutions, tribes and community resource managers to help defend urban and rural forests of the United States and to protect people and the environment from wildfires, insects , diseases, and invasive plants. The program employs approximately 537 staff located in 17 locations across the country. The submission of the State and Private Forestry program is carried out by eight regions of the National Forest System and the Northeast Region.
Research and development
The Research and Development (R & D) Agency of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forestry Service works to improve the health and use of US forests and meadows. Research has been part of the Forest Service's mission since the establishment of the institute in 1905. Today, Forest Service researchers work in various fields of biological, physical, and social sciences to promote the sustainable management of diverse forests and deserts of the United States. The research employs around 550 scientists and several hundred technical and support staff, located in 67 locations throughout the United States and in Puerto Rico. Invention and technology development and transfer were conducted through seven research stations.
Research focuses on informing land management policies and decisions and includes addressing invasive insects, degraded river ecosystems, or sustainable ways to harvest forest products. Researchers work independently and with various partners, including other institutions, academics, nonprofits, and industry. Information and technologies generated through basic and applied science programs are available to the public for their benefits and uses.
In addition to the Research Station, the USFS R & amp; D also leads several National Centers such as the National Genomic Center for the Conservation of Animals and Fish.
International program
The Forest Service plays a key role in formulating policies and coordinating US support for the protection and management of world forest resources. It works closely with other agencies such as USAID, the Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as with nonprofit development organizations, wildlife organizations, universities, and international aid organizations. The international work of the Forest Service serves to connect people and communities struggling to protect and manage forests around the world. The program also promotes sustainable land management abroad and brings important technology and innovation back to the United States. The program focuses on the preservation of key natural resources in cooperation with countries around the world.
Activity
Although large amounts of timber are recorded annually, not all National Forests are fully forested. There are tidewater glaciers at Tongass National Forest in Alaska and ski areas like Alta, Utah in Wasatch-Cache National Forest. In addition, the Forest Service is responsible for managing the National Grasslands in the midwest. Furthermore, areas designated as wilderness by congressional action, prohibit logging, mining, road and building construction and lease of land for agricultural purposes and or grazing livestock.
Since 1978, several Presidents have directed USFS to administer the National Monument in the pre-existing National Forest.
- Admiralty Island National Monument - Alaska
- Giant Sequoia National Monument - California
- Misty Fjords National Monument - Alaska
- Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument - Washington
- Newberry - Oregon National Volcanic Monument
- Santa Rosa National Monument and San Jacinto - California (along with the Land Management Bureau)
The Forest Service also manages the Gray National Tower National Site in Milford, Pennsylvania, the home and plantation of its first Head, Gifford Pinchot.
Fighting fires
In August 1944, to reduce the number of forest fires, the Forest Service and the War Ads Council began distributing fire education poster featuring black bears. The poster campaign was a success; the black bear will be called "Smokey Bear", and will, for decades, become a "spokesman" for the Forest Service. Smokey Bear has appeared in countless TV commercials; his popular phrase, "Only YOU can prevent forest fires," is one of the best known slogans in the United States. A recent study found that 95% of people surveyed could finish the phrase when given the first few words.
In September 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Interior developed a plan to respond to fires in 2000, to reduce the impact of wildfires on rural communities, and to ensure sufficient fire-fighting resources in the future. The report is entitled "Managing the Impact of Forest Fire on Communities and the Environment: Report to the President as a Response to Forest Fires of 2000" - National Fire Plan for the short term. The National Fire Plan continues to be an integral part of the Forest Service today. The following are important operational features of the National Fire Plan:
- The Federal Wild Fire Management Policy: The 1995 Wildland Federal Fire Management Policy and the applicable Federal Fire Management Policy of 2001 subsequently serve as the basis of the National Fire Plan.
- Basic premise of the National Fire Plan: Investing now in optimum firefighting power, harmful fuel reduction, and overall community protection will provide immediate protection and cost savings in the future.
- Funding: Initially (2001), the National Fire Plan provided an additional $ 1,100,994,000 to the Forest Service for a total budget of $ 1,910,193,000 for wildlife fire management. In 2008, the total amount for the Forest Service in the management of wildfires (excluding emergency fire relief funds) was $ 1,974,276,000.
In August 2014, Tom Vilsack, the Agriculture Secretary, announced that the agency would have to spend $ 400 to $ 500 million on forest fire prevention projects because funding for outages is running out when the fiscal year ends. This decision is intended to conserve resources to combat the burning fires that burn in California, Oregon, Washington and Idaho. Politicians from both sides have indicated that they believe the current funding structure is broken, but they have yet to agree on measures to improve the allocation of funding.
Budget
Although part of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Forest Service receives its budget through the Subcommittee for Designation - Interior, Environment, and Related Institutions.
Popular culture
The US Forest Service achieved widespread awareness during the 1960s, as it became the setting for the long Lassie classical TV show, with a storyline focusing on Lassie's adventure with various forest rangers.
The iconic collie association with the Forest Service caused Lassie to receive many awards and quotes from the US Senate and the Department of Agriculture, and partly responsible for bills on ground and water pollution that were signed into law in early 1968 by President Lyndon Johnson, dubbed by several people as "The Lassie Program".
Controversy
The history of the Forest Service is full of controversy, as national interests and values ​​have grappled with the proper management of many resources within the forest. These values ​​and resources include grazing, timber, mining, recreation, wildlife habitats, and jungle. Due to sustainable development elsewhere, the large size of the National Forest has made them a de facto wildlife reserve for a number of rare and common species. In the last few decades, the importance of mature forests to spotted owls and a host of other species has led to major changes in timber harvesting rates.
In the 1990s, agencies were involved in scandals when illegally providing excess military aircraft to private contractors for use as an airtanker. (See the airtanker scandal from the US Forest Service.)
Another controversial issue is the policy of road construction within the National Forest. In 1999, President Clinton ordered a temporary moratorium on the construction of new roads in the National Forest to "assess their ecological, economic, and social value and to evaluate long-term options for their management." Five and a half years later, the Bush administration replaces this with a system in which each state can apply to the Forest Service to clear the forest in their area for road construction.
Several years the agent really lost money for his wood sales.
A 2017 draft report describing the legal basis that grants federal landowners the scope of decision-making authority beyond the state of fish and game departments has proven unexpectedly controversial.
See also
- The United States Forest
- National Forest Foundation
- List of laws governing the US Forest Service
- American Experience (season 27) "The Big Burn" (2014)
- Leading Members of the U.S. Forest Service.
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- Gifford Pinchot
- Theodore Woolsey
- Franklin B. Hough
- Aldo Leopold
- Raphael Zon
- Michael Dombeck
- Ed Pulaski
- Annie E. Hoyle
- Jack Ward Thomas
References
Further reading
- History source
- USDA Forest Service - The First Century
- 100 Years of Federal Forestry
- Boone and Crockett Club History Pg 64-80
- Egan, Timothy (2009). The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt & amp; The Saving Fire of America . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN: 978-0-618-96841-1.
- The short movie "Visions of the wild (1985)" is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Research
- The historic technical report from the Forest Service (and other Federal agents) is available in the Technical Reports and Picture Library (TRAIL) Archives
- "USDA Forest Service Research Publication" . Retrieved January 23, 2006 .
- Education
- Greatest Good Documentary
- "The Greatest Good: 100years"
- Smokey Bear
- The Wildlife Crossing Tool The Wildlife Shelter provides information for terrestrial biologists, engineers and transportation professionals to assist in maintaining or restoring habitat connectivity across public transport infrastructure.
External links
- Official website
- Works by the US Forest Service at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about the US Forest Service in the Internet Archive
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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