In the Hebrew Bible, Urim and Thumim (Hebrew: ????????? ??????????? ? Standard ha-Urim veha-Tummim Tiberian Ã, h ?? ÃÆ'â € ºrÃÆ'®mw? hatTummÃÆ'® m ; it is uncertain, probably "Lights and Perfections") is the element of hoshen , the chest cover imposed by the High Priest attached to the ephod. They are connected with predictions in general, and cleromancy in particular. Most scholars suspect that the phrase refers to a group of two objects used by the high priest to answer the question or reveal the will of God.
The Urim and Thummim first appeared in Exodus 28:30, where they were mentioned to be put on the chest cover to be worn by Aaron in the sanctuary. Other books, especially 1 Samuel, illustrate their use in prophecy.
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Urim ( ??????? ?) has traditionally been taken to root from the root light ; This derivation is reflected in the Neqqudot of Masoretic Text. Therefore, Urim and Thummim have traditionally been translated as light and perfection (by Theodosi, for example), or, by falsely quoting the phrase, as the meaning of revelation and truth , or doctrine and truth (it appears in this form in Vulgata, in St Jerome's writing, and in Hexapla). The latter use is maintained in modern Catholic interpretation by connecting Urim and Tumim from root ??? (teaching) and ????? (come true).
Thummim ( ??????? ?) is widely considered to be derived from the consonantal root ?. ? ? (tmm), which means innocent , Many scholars now believe that Urim ( ??????? ? ) only comes from the Hebrew ???????? ? ( Arrim ), which means cursed , and thus Urim and Thummim basically means damned or impeccable < , referring to the deity's decision of the accused person - in other words, Urim and Thummim used to answer innocent or innocent questions.
Asyriologist William Muss-Arnolt links single form - ur and tumm - with the term Babylonia ? Well and tam? Tu , which means oracle and command , respectively. According to his theory, Hebrew words use pluralist intensivus to elevate their majesty, not to show the presence of more than one. Along these lines, urim and thummim are hypothesized to be taken from the Tablet of Destiny worn by Marduk in his chest according to the Babylonian religion).
Maps Urim and Thummim
Forms and functions
1 Samuel 14:41 is considered by biblical scholars as the key to understanding Urim and Thummim; this passage illustrates an attempt to identify a sinner through prophecy, repeatedly separating people into two groups and identifying which group contains the sinner. In the version of this passage in the Masoretic Text, it describes Saul and Jonathan being separated from others, and many are cast among them; The Septuagint version, however, states that Urim will show Saul and Jonathan, while Thumm will show people. In the Septuagint, the previous verse uses a phrase usually translated as asking God , which is significant as a form of Hebrew grammar implying that the investigation is done by a manipulated object; Scholars see it as evidence of these verses and versions that cleromancy is involved, and that Urim and Thummim are the names of objects thrown.
The descriptions of the clothing of the Hebrew high priest in the Book of Exodus describe the Urim and Thummim as being inserted into the sacred chest, worn by the high priest of the Ephod. Where the biblical text elsewhere describes the Ephod used for prophecy, scholars assume that it refers to the use of Urim and Thummim in relation to the Ephod, since this seems to be closely related to it; so also where the non-prophet is described as asking for HaShem for guidance, and his advice is not described as being given by sight, the scholars think that the Urim and Thummim are the mediums implied. In all but two cases (1 Samuel 10:22 and 2 Samuel 5:23), the question is one that is effectively answered by the simple yes or no ; some scholars believe that the two exceptions to this pattern, which provide more complex answers, are initially just a sequence of yes or not questions, but become corrupted by subsequent editing..
There is no description of the Urim and Thummim form in the section that describes the robes of the high priest, and some scholars believe that the authors of this passage, which textual scholars attribute to the source of the priesthood, are not fully aware of what they are. However, the passage does not describe them as being inserted into the chest, which scholars suggest implies that they are objects inserted into a kind of bag inside, and then, when not seen, one (or one side), if Urim and Thummim are single objects) selected by touch and withdrawn or discarded; because Urim and Thummim are put into these bags, they may be small and fairly flat, and may be stone or bone tablets. Considering the conclusion of scholars that Urim basically means guilty and Thummim basically means not guilty , this would imply that the purpose of Urim and Thummim is an ordeal to confirm or disprove the allegations of guilt; if the Urim is chosen, it means guilt, while the election of Thummim will mean no guilt.
According to the classic rabbinical literature, in order for the Urim and Thummim to give answers, it is first necessary for individuals to stand in front of the full-dressed high priest, and to voice the question briefly and in a simple way, though it is not necessary. for it to be loud enough for others to hear it. The Talmud rabbis argue that Urim and Thummim are the words written on the sacred chest plates. Most of the Talmudic rabbis, and Josephus, follow the belief that Urim the light , argued that predictions by Urim and Thummim involved questions that were answered by the shining glow of certain jewelry at the cover chest; each gems are taken to represent different letters, and their lighting sequence will spell the answer (although there are 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet, and only 12 gems on the chest slab); However, two Talmudic rabbis argue that jewelry itself moves in a way that makes them stand out from the others, or even move themselves into groups to form words.
According to Islamic sources, there is a similar form of prediction among Arabs before the beginning of Islam. There, two arrows (without head or feathers), in the one written the command and the other prohibition or similar, are stored in containers, and stored in the Kaaba in Mecca; whenever a person wants to know whether to marry, to travel, or to make other similar decisions, one of the Ka'bah guards will randomly draw one of the arrow shafts out of the container, and the word written on it is said to indicate the will of the deity about the problem intended. Sometimes the third, empty axis will be used, to represent the denial of the god to give an answer. This practice is called rhabdomancy, after the Greek root
Usage history
The first reference to Urim and Thummim in the Bible is a description in the Book of Exodus about the robe of the high priest; the chronological part of the earliest mention, according to the textual scholars, is in Hosea, where it is implied, with reference to Ephod, that the Urim and Thummim were fundamental elements in the popular form of Israeli religion, in the mid-eighth century SM. The Urim and Thummim consultations are said to be permitted to define territorial boundaries, and are said to be necessary, in addition to the permission of the king or prophet, if there is an intention to extend Jerusalem or the Temple in Jerusalem; However, these rabbinical sources question, or at least try to justify, why the Urim and Thummim will be needed when a prophet is also present. The classical rabbinic writers argued that the Urim and Thummim were only allowed to be consulted by prominent figures such as army generals, the most senior of the court figures, and kings, and the only question that could be asked was questions are asked to benefit from the people as a whole. Abiathar joined David, who was then in the cave of Adullam (1 Sam 22: 20-23; 23: 6). He lived with David, and became the party's leader priest (1 Sam 30: 7). When David ascended to the throne of Judah, Abiathar was appointed High Priest (1 Chr 15:11, 1 Kings 2:26) and "king's advisers" (1 Chr 27: 33-34). Meanwhile, Zadok, from the house of Eleazar, has been appointed High Priest. According to Jewish Encyclopedia Abyathar was deposed from his post when he was abandoned by the Holy Spirit without which Urim and Thummin could not be consulted.
Although Josephus argues that the Urim and Thummem continued to be used until the Maccabean era, the Talmudic source agreed in agreeing that the Urim and Thummim disappeared much earlier, when Jerusalem was fired by the Babylonians. In a passage from Ezra's passage which overlaps with the Book of Nehemiah, it is mentioned that those who can not prove, after Babylonian captivity has come to an end, that they are descendants of the priesthood before the captivity begins, are to wait until the priests possess the Urim and Thummim found; this will appear to confirm the statement in the Talmud that the Urim and Thummim have been lost. Indeed, since the source of the priest, whose textual scholar dates to several centuries before captivity, does not seem to know what the Urim and Thummim look like, and there is no mention of Urim and Thummim in its deuteronomic history beyond David's death, scholars suspect that its use decayed some time before the conquest of Babylon, perhaps as a result of the influence of the growing prophet at that time.
Latter-day Saint movement
Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter-day Saint movement, says that he used the interpreter to translate the Book of Mormon from the gold plates. The interpreter he describes as a pair of stone, tied to a breastplate incorporated in a shape similar to a pair of large glasses. Smith then refers to this object as Urim and Thummim. In 1823, Smith said that the angel Moroni, who had informed him of the gold plates, also informed him of the Urim and Thummim, "two stones in the silver bow" bound to the breastplate, and the angel hinted that they had prepared by God helping to translate the dishes. Smith's mother, Lucy Mack Smith, described this Urim and Thummim as "two fine, smooth three-pointed diamonds."
Smith also said that he used the Urim and Thummim to assist him in receiving other divine revelations, including some sections of the Doctrine and Covenants as well as parts of the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible. Only Oliver Cowdery is claimed to have tried to use it to receive his own revelation. Latter-day Saints believe that Urim and Thummim Smith are functionally identical to the biblical Urim and Thummim.
Smith expands the use of the terms "Urim and Thummim" to describe God's abode, the future earth, and the white stone mentioned in the Book of Revelation.
In popular culture
In accordance with the belief that Urim and Thummim is translated to "Light and Truth", the Latin equivalent Lux et Veritas has been used for some university motto. For example, Lux et Veritas is the motto of Indiana University and University of Montana. Similarly, the motto of Northeastern University is Lux, Veritas, Virtus ("Light, Truth, Virtue"). Although Urim and Thummim itself is emblazoned in an open book depicted on the Yale University emblem, Lux et Veritas appears below on the banner.
The Urim and Thummim are also given some values ​​as artifacts in some modern fiction:
- Thomas Mann has outlined the definition of this term in Joseph the Provider , his fourth book tetralology Joseph and His Brothers .
- The treasure hunt for Urim and Thummim forms the major plot of John Bellairs's novel The Wicked Spirit of Retaliation
- The clear desecration by unknown vandalism is the theme in Arthur Conan Doyle's short story "The Jew's Breastplate".
- In Christian fiction novel God's Face , by Bill Myers, pastor Daniel Lawson and terrorist Ibrahim el-Magd races to find the Urim and Thummim, and twelve stones from the sacred chest cover, to hear God's voice.
- In the novel The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, on page 30, the king of Salem gave the two main characters of Santiago two stones called the king Urim and Thummim . One of the stones is black, which is said to indicate yes , and the other is white, is said to indicate not ; significance applicable when the stone is asked the appropriate question and pulled out of the bag. The king himself took the stone from his glittering gold plate.
- Urim and Thummim are the names given to the two mystical technological objects in the Prosopopeia transmydon series, culminating in the participating drama series of the International Emmy Award winner of The Truth About Marika by SVT Company P.
- In the television series Dig , the chest cover that is part of the mystery is said to be the closing of the chest of the High Priest of the Temple in Jerusalem and used to communicate with God.
Also see
- Cleromancy: drawing a lot for predicted purposes
- Prediction: ensuring the supernatural information
- Dice: polyhedral objects used to randomize decisions
- Oracle: the person or object used to obtain information through prophecy or forecasting
- Scrying: acquire supernatural knowledge through objects
Notes and quotations
External links
- Urim and Thummim by Reb Chaim HaQoton
- Mormon view of Urim and Thummim and Seer Stones
- Comment on Exodus 28:30 by John Wesley
- Comment on Exodus 28:30 by Cyrus Scofield The Urim V'tumim: Yale Insignia History and Jewish Thought Today at westvilleshul.org, by Beth Hamedrosh Hagodol - Israel B'nai, Westville Synagogue, New Haven, Connecticut
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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