In the automotive industry, wheels are wheels made of aluminum or magnesium alloy. Alloys are a mixture of metals and other elements. They generally provide greater strength than pure metal, which is usually much softer and more brittle. Aluminum or magnesium alloys are usually lighter for the same strength, provide better heat conduction, and often result in better cosmetic appearance on steel wheels. Although steel, the most common material used in wheel production, is an alloy of iron and carbon, the term "wheel" is usually reserved for wheels made of nonferrous alloys.
The earliest lightweight wheels are made of magnesium alloy. Although they lost support in public transportation, they remained popular until the 1960s, albeit in very limited numbers. In the mid to late 1960s, aluminum-casting painting enabled the creation of safer wheels that were not fragile. To date, most aluminum wheels have low ductility, typically ranging from 2-3% elongation. Because the lightweight alloy wheels of the time were often made of magnesium (often referred to as "mags"), this initial wheel failure was then associated with low ductility of magnesium, when in many instances the wheels were bad cast aluminum alloy wheels. After these aluminum foundry repairs are more widely adopted, aluminum wheels replace magnesium as low-cost and high-performing wheels for motorsports.
Video Alloy wheel
Characteristics
Lighter wheels can improve handling by reducing unsprung mass, allowing the suspension to follow the field closer and thus increase the grip, but not all the rims are lighter than their steel equivalent. Reduced overall vehicle mass can also help reduce fuel consumption.
Better heat conduction and a more open wheel design can help remove heat from the brake, which improves braking performance under more demanding driving conditions and reduces the chances of reduced brake performance or even overheating failure.
Alloy wheels are also purchased for cosmetic purposes although the cheaper alloys used are usually not corrosion resistant. Alloys allow the use of an attractive metal finish, but these need to be sealed with paint or a wheel cover. Even so protected wheels are used eventually will start corroding after 3 to 5 years but repair is now widely available for a fee. The manufacturing process also allows intricate and bold designs. In contrast, steel wheels are usually pressed from sheet metal, and then welded together (often leaving unsightly bulges) and should be painted to avoid corrosion and/or concealment with wheel cover/hub cap.
Alloy wheels are susceptible to galvanic corrosion, which can cause tires to leak if precautions are not taken. In addition, the wheels are harder to repair than the steel wheels when bent, but the higher price usually makes the repair cheaper than the replacement.
Alloy wheels are more expensive to produce than standard steel wheels, and are therefore often not included as standard equipment, rather than being marketed as optional add-ons or as part of a more expensive slim package. However, alloy wheels have become more common since 2000, now offered on economy cars and subcompacts, compared to a decade earlier where wheels are often not a factory option on inexpensive vehicles. Alloy wheels have long been included as standard equipment in luxury cars or luxury cars at higher prices, with larger or "exclusive" alloy wheels being an option. The expensive wheels make them attractive to thieves; To overcome this, automakers and dealers often use wheel locking nuts that require a special key to be released.
Most wheels are produced using casting, but some are forged. The forged wheels are usually lighter, stronger, but much more expensive than the cast wheel. There are two types of counterfeit wheels: one part and modular. Modular forged wheels can feature two or three parts designs. Typical multi-piece wheels consist of the inside of the rim, the outer periphery of the lips and the center of the wheel with openings for the wheel nut. All modular wheel sections are held with bolts. BBS RS is one of the most famous three-piece modular fake wheels.
Maps Alloy wheel
The aftermarket wheels
A velg selection is available for car owners who want lighter, more visually appealing, more rare, and/or larger wheels in their cars. Although replacing standard steel wheels and tire combinations with lighter alloys and lower tire profiles can result in improved performance and handling, this is not always true when larger wheels are used. Research by Car and Driver was conducted using different sized alloy wheels from 16 to 19 inches (41 to 48 cm) all fitted with the same tire and tire models showing that the acceleration and fuel economy suffered with the wheels greater than. They also note that driving comfort and noise are negatively affected by larger wheels.
The aftermarket brand
Most aftermarket wheels are thrown, while only a few above are forged, such as Donz, Vellano, and Weld. Many companies have been formed over the years (some recently) due to the increasing demand for larger diameter wheels. Demand for larger wheels was driven by the invention of spinning wheels by American Tru-Spinners. Original US Pat. 5,290,094 found by American James JD Gragg founder of American Tru-Spinners who licensed several wheel manufacturers and made their own spinning wheel series which is a one-piece integral spinning wheel and some adjustable spinning wheels to where the center of the wheel keeps spinning after the vehicle stops. American Tru-Spinners also creates another spinning wheel series that spins backwards as the wheels run forward and some travel in stationary positions that focus on the wheel manufacturer's logo that keeps the current level on the move utilizing special bearings. American Tru-Spinners also introduced the use of Holograms in spinning wheels that provide a lit strobe effect without the use of batteries or power sources.
American Racing, which has Motegi Racing among other brands such as TIS, TIS Modular, is the oldest wheeled aftermarket company dating from 1956. The oldest company in the UK is Wolfrace which is the first company to offer polished alloy wheels in Europe and for reached the Agreement TÃÆ'Ã… "V. Wolfrace also provides wheels for Thrust SSC and UK landline speed bids. Recent trends in the industry include joint venture partnerships established between offshore producers and local importers/distributors such as PDW Wheels which started in Australia in 2006, among others.
Some "aftermarket" is also available as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) equipment, with BBS being the original supplier of essential equipment for Volkswagen.
Some manufacturers also share patterns and casting, by example (motorcycle) into a five-spoke Marchesini design license to Brembo, for the production of alloy wheels (non-magnesium) for Ducati road bikes.
Magnesium wheels
The magnesium alloy wheels are the first manufactured die-cast wheels, and are often called simply "mag wheels". Magnesium wheels were originally used for racing, but their popularity during the 1960s led to the development of other die-cast wheels, especially from aluminum alloys. The term "mag wheel" becomes synonymous with die-cast wheels made of any material, from modern aluminum alloys to plastic and composite wheels used on items such as bicycles, wheelchairs and skateboards.
However, pure magnesium wheels are no longer produced, only found on classic cars. Pure magnesium suffers from many problems. Vintage magnesium plates are particularly vulnerable to pitting, cracking and corrosion. Magnesium in large quantities is difficult to burn but pure magnesium wheels can be ignited by burning tires or by prolonged friction from the wheels on the road surface after puncture. Magnesium alloys are then developed to alleviate most of these problems. In fact, the US Federal Aviation Administration has conducted extensive trials over the last decade, and has reached the conclusion that the burning possibility of magnesium is no longer considered a concern. Modern surface treatment technologies provide protection from corrosion and significantly extend the average lifespan of the magnesium rim.
The typical magnesium automotive wheel mass is about 5-9 kg (11-20 pounds) (depending on size).
Production Method
Falsify
Forging can be done with one or several step forging process of various magnesium alloys, most often AZ80, ZK60 (MA14 in Russia). The wheels generated by this method usually have a toughness and a higher ductility than the aluminum wheels, although the cost is much higher. Forging is a complicated process involving such processes, such as heating, rolling, applying high pressure, hammering and/or a combination of these. As a result, the molecular structure of the alloy changes, and as a result the material becomes stronger and lighter. That's how the aftermarket wheels manufacturers make their products. There are one-two and three-piece fake wheels. Each section was originally an alloy billet, which was subsequently converted into wheels, in the case of one-piece fake wheels, or became a wheel section in the case of multi-piece wheels.
Die casting bertekanan tinggi (HPDC)
This process uses a die set in a large machine that has a high closing strength to clamp dead closed. Liquid magnesium is poured into a filler tube called a shot arm. The piston pushes the metal into the die with high speed and pressure, the magnesium freezes and the die is opened and the wheel is released. Wheels generated by this method can offer reduced prices and increased corrosion resistance but they are less resilient and have lower strength due to the nature of HPDC.
Low Pressure Die casting (LPDC)
This process usually uses die steel, it is arranged on top of a container filled with liquid magnesium. Most commonly crucially sealed to the die and a pressurized compressed air/gas mixture is used to force the liquid metal up a filler tube such as straw into the mold.
When processed using best practice methods, LPDC wheels can offer enhanced in tenacity through the HPDC magnesium wheels and cast aluminum wheels, they remain less ductile than forged magnesium.
Gravitational diminution
Cast-magnesium gravity wheels have been manufactured since the early 1920s and provide good ductility, and relative properties above what can be made with aluminum casting. The cost of tooling for the gravity-cast wheel is among the cheapest of any process. It enables small batch production, flexibility in design and short development time.
References
External links
- Wheels in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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