The M16 shotgun, officially designated The rifle, 5.56 mm, M16 , is a military adaptation of the ArmaLite AR-15 US armed rifle. The original M16 is a selective 5.56mm fire gun with 20-round magazine.
In 1964, M16 entered the US military service and the following year was deployed for forest war operations during the Vietnam War. In 1969, M16A1 replaced the M14 rifle to become a standard US military service rifle. M16A1 fixes include bolt help, multilayered chrome hole and a new 30-lap magazine.
In 1983, the US Marine Corps adopted the M16A2 rifle and the US Army adopted it in 1986. M16A2 fired an enhanced 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm NATO (M855/SS109) cartridge and had a customizable new rear view, case deflector, heavy barrel , handguard repair, grip and buttstock gun, and semi-automatic and three-round burst only fire selector. Adopted in 1998, M16A4 is the fourth generation of the M16 series. Equipped with a removable carrier handle and Picatinny rail for optical installation and other enhancements.
M16 has also been widely adopted by other military around the world. The total production of M16 worldwide reaches about 8 million, making it the most widely produced weapon with a caliber of 5.56 mm. The US military has largely replaced the M16 in combat units with shorter and lighter versions dubbed the M4 carbine.
Video M16 rifle
History
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After World War II, the US military began searching for a single automatic gun to replace M1 Garand, M1/​​M2 Carbines, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, M3 "Grease Gun" and Thompson submachine gun. However, initial experiments with a fire-select version of the M1 Garand proved disappointing. During the Korean War, the fire-burning carbon carbide largely replaced the submachine guns in US service and became the most widely used variant of the carbine. However, combat experience indicates that 0.30 Carbine rotation is less powerful. The American arms designers concluded that an intermediate round is required, and recommends small-caliber cartridges at high speed.
However, the senior American commander who faced a fanatical enemy and experienced major logistical problems during World War II and the Korean War insisted that a single-caliber.30 single-bore caliber was developed, which could not only be used by new automatic rifles, but by a new general of machine- purpose (GPMG) in concurrent development. This culminated in the development of the 7.62ÃÆ'-51mm NATO cartridge.
The US Army then began testing some rifles to replace the outdated M1 Garand. The heavier Springfield Armory's T44E4 and T44E5 are basically the latest versions of Garand for the 7.62 mm round, while Fabrique Nationale handed over their FN FAL as T48. ArmaLite entered the competition late, hastily filed several AR-10 prototype rifles in the fall of 1956 to Springfield Armory AS for testing.
The AR-10 features an innovative straight-line barrel/share design, a malleable aluminum alloy receiver and with phenolic composite stock. It has a high view, a large aluminum flash press and reverse compensator, and an adjustable gas system. The final prototype displays the top and bottom receivers with the currently identified hinge and takedown pins, and the charging handle is above the receiver placed inside the carrier handle. For a 7.62mm NATO rifle, the AR-10 is very light with only 6.85 lbs. blank. Initial comments by the Springfield Armory test staff were favorable, and some testers commented that the AR-10 was the best lightweight rifle ever tested by Armory.
In the end the US Army chose the T44 which is now named the M14 rifle which is an increase in M1 Garand with 20 lap magazines and automatic fire capabilities. The US also adopted the M60 all-round machine gun (GPMG). His NATO partners adopted FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs.
The first confrontation between AK-47 and M14 took place in the early part of the Vietnam War. Reports on the battlefield indicate that M14 can not be controlled full-auto and that soldiers can not carry enough ammunition to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47. And, while the M2 carbine offered a high fire rate, it was less powerful and was eventually defeated by the AK-47. Substitutes are needed: medium between traditional preferences for high-powered rifles such as M14, and light weapons from Carbine M2.
As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider the 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, commander of the US Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a.223 inch (.56 mm) caliber rifle weighing 6 pounds (2.7 kg) when loaded with 20-round magazines. The 5.56 mm rotation must penetrate the standard US helmet at 500 meters (460 meters) and maintain speed over the speed of sound, while matching or exceeding the ability to injure the Carbine cartridge.30.
This demand eventually resulted in the development of a smaller version of Armalite AR-10, which was named the ARMA15 AR-15 rifle. However, despite much evidence that AR-15 can carry more weapons to bear than M14, the Army opposed the adoption of new rifles. In January 1963, Defense Minister Robert McNamara concluded that the AR-15 was a superior weapon system and ordered the cessation of production of M14. At that time, the AR-15 was the only rifle available that could meet the requirements of universal infantry weapons for problems to all services.
After modification (especially, the refill grip is placed from under the handle carrying like AR-10 to the back of the receiver), a redesigned new rifle is then adopted as the M16 Rifle. "(The M16) is much lighter than the replaced M14, which ultimately allows the Army to carry more ammunition. Air-cooled assault rifle, operated by gas, tablet-fed made of steel, aluminum alloy and composite plastic , completely cut Designed with full and semi-automatic capability, this weapon initially did not respond well to wet and dirty conditions, sometimes even jammed in combat.After several minor modifications, the weapon became popular among troops on the battlefield. "
Although the initial failure of M16 proved to be a revolutionary design and stands as the longest continuous rifle in American military history. It has been adopted by many US allies and NATO 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm cartridges not only become NATO standards, but" standard assault rifles in most parts of the world. " It also leads to the development of high-caliber high-speed service rifles by every major army in the world, including the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. This is a benchmark against other assessed assault rifles.
Adoption
In July 1960, General Curtis LeMay was impressed by the ArmaLite AR-15 demonstration. In the summer of 1961, General LeMay was promoted to the US Air Force, Chief of Staff, and asked for 80,000 AR-15s. However, General Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, suggested President John F. Kennedy that having two different caliber in the military system would at the same time be a problem and the request was denied.. In October 1961, William Godel, a senior man at the Agency for Advanced Research Project, sent 10 AR-15s to South Vietnam. The reception was very enthusiastic, and in 1962, another 1,000 AR-15s were sent. US Armed Forces Special Forces personnel filed a massive battle report praising the AR-15 and 5.56 mm cartridge stop power, and pressing for its adoption.
Damage caused by 5.56 mm bullets was originally believed to be caused by "tumbling" due to a slow twist of 1 -14 inch (360 mm). However, any pointed pointed bullets will "fall" after penetration in the flesh, because the center of gravity leads to the back of the bullet. The great wounds observed by soldiers in Vietnam are actually caused by fragmentation of bullets, created by a combination of speed and bullet construction. These injuries are devastating, that photographs remain classified into the 1980s.
However, despite much evidence that AR-15 can carry more weapons to bear than M14, the Army opposed the adoption of new rifles. US Defense Secretary Robert McNamara now has two opposing views: ARPA reports supporting AR-15 and Army positions supporting M14. Even President Kennedy expressed his concern, so McNamara ordered the Secretary of the Army Cyrus Vance to test M14, AR-15 and AK-47. The Army reports that only M14 is suitable for service, but Vance is wondering about the impartiality of those who do the tests. He ordered the Army Inspector General to investigate the testing methods used; The Inspector General asserts that the testers are biased against M14.
In January 1963, Secretary McNamara received a report that the production of M14 was not sufficient to meet the needs of the armed forces and ordered the cessation of production of M14. At that time, the AR-15 was the only rifle that could meet the need for a "universal" infantry weapon for problems to all services. McNamara ordered the adoption, despite receiving reports of some shortcomings, especially the lack of chrome-plated space.
After modification (especially, the refill grip is located from the bottom of the carry handle as AR-10 to the back of the receiver), the new redesigned rifle is renamed to Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16
In November 1963, McNamara approved a US Army order of 85,000 XM16E1; and to appease General LeMay, the Air Force was given orders for another 19,000 M16. In March 1964, the M16 rifle began to be produced and the Army received the first batch shipments of 2,129 rifles that year, and an additional 57,240 rifles the following year.
In 1964, the Army was informed that DuPont could not produce bulk stick powder IMR 4475 with the specifications requested by M16. Therefore, Olin Mathieson Company provides high performance ball propellant. While Olin powder WC 846 reaches 3,300 feet (1,000 m) per second desired, produces more fouling, which quickly suppresses M16 action (unless the rifle is cleaned properly and often).
In March 1965, the Army began issuing XM16E1 to infantry units. However, the rifle was originally shipped without an adequate cleansing kit or instruction because Colt claimed M16 to cleanse itself. As a result, battle termination reports begin to surface. The most severe problem, known as "extracting failure" - the case of used cartridges still lodged in the room after the shotgun was fired. A documented record of the dead US troops found beside the dismantled weapon eventually led to a Congressional inquiry.
We went with 72 men in our platoon and returned with 19, Believe it or not, you know what kills most of us? Our own rifles. Almost everyone died we were found with his (M16) torn down next to him where he tried to fix it.
In February 1967, the enhanced XM16E1 was standardized as M16A1. The new rifle has chrome-covered chambers and bore to remove corrosion and stuck cartridges and other, minor, modifications. New cleaning kits, powdered solvents and lubricants are also removed. Intensive training programs in weapons cleanup are institutionalized including comic book operation manuals. As a result, reliability issues are greatly reduced and M16A1 rifles are widely accepted by US forces in Vietnam.
In 1969, the M16A1 officially replaced the M14 rifle to become a US military standard service rifle. In 1970, newly introduced WC 844 powder was introduced to reduce fouling.
Maps M16 rifle
Reliability
During the early part of his career, the M16 has a reputation for poor reliability and damage levels of two per 1000 fired rounds. The M16 acts by passing a high pressure propellant gas which is tapped from the tube to the tube and into the carrier group inside the top receiver, and is commonly referred to as the "direct throwing gas system". The gas enters from a gas cylinder, through a bolt carrier lock, and into the carrier inside which it expands in a donut-shaped gas cylinder. Because the bolts are prevented from moving forward by the barrel, the carrier is pushed backward by expanding gas and thereby alters the gas energy for the movement of the rifle section. The back of the bolts form the piston head and the cavity in the bolt carrier is the piston arm. It is more appropriate to call it an "internal piston" system. "This design is much lighter and more compact than a gas-piston design, but this design requires that the combustion byproduct of the discarded cartridge be blown to the receiver as well.This collects carbon and metal evaporative build-up in the receiver and bolt-carrier negatively affect reliability and require more intensive maintenance on the part of individual soldiers.Channeling of gas into the bolt carrier during operation increases the amount of heat deposited in the receiver during shooting M16 and causes the essential lubricant to "burn" This requires a proper and generous lubricant application Lack of proper lubrication is the most common source of weapon termination or congestion.
The original M16 fared badly in the jungles of Vietnam and is famous for its reliability issues in harsh environments. As a result, this became the target of Congressional inquiry. The investigation found that:
- M16 is billed as a self-cleaning (when there is no weapon or ever).
- M16 is issued to troops without cleaning kit or instructions on how to clean the shotgun.
- The M16 and 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm cartridges have been tested and approved with the use of the DuPont IMR8208 powder extruder, which is diverted to an WC846 Olin Mathieson powder that produces more fouling, which quickly suppresses M16 action (unless the gun is cleaned properly and often).
- M16 does not have any help forward (rifle can not operate when it crashes).
- M16 has no chrome-plated chamber, which allows corrosion problems and contributes to case extraction failures (which are considered to be the most severe problem and require extreme measures to clean, such as inserting a cleaning rod down the barrel and knocking out the cartridge).
When this problem is handled and corrected by M16A1, reliability issues greatly decrease. According to the Army Department report of 1968, the M16A1 rifle was widely accepted by US forces in Vietnam. "Most men armed with the M16 in Vietnam rated the performance of these rifles high, however, many men entertained some doubts about the reliability of the M16.At asked which weapons they liked to carry in battle, 85 percent indicated that they wanted an M16 or [light machine gun version which is smaller, XM177E2. "Also" M14 is favored by 15 percent, while less than one percent wants to carry a Stoner, AK-47 rifle, carbine or gun. " In March of 1970, the "Blue Ribbon Defense Panel of the President" concluded that the publication of M16 saved the lives of 20,000 US soldiers during the Vietnam War, which would otherwise have died, M14 remained in operation. However, the reputation of the M16 rifle continues to suffer.
After the introduction of M4 Carbides, it was found that the short length of the 14.5-inch barrel also had a negative effect on reliability, since the gas port was located closer to space than the standard M16 standard gas strip port: 7.5 ×, inches instead of 13 × inches. It affects M4 time and increases the amount of stress and heat on critical components, thereby reducing reliability. In the 2002 assessment, USMC found that M4 functioned three times more frequently than M16A4 (M4 failed 186 times for 69,000 rounds, while M16A4 failed 61 times). After that, the Army and Colt worked to make modifications to M4 and M16A4 to solve the problems found. In tests conducted in 2005 and 2006, the Army found that on average, the new M4 and M16 fired about 5,000 rounds between stops.
In December 2006, the Naval Analysis Center (CNA) released a report on US small arms in combat. CNA conducted a survey of 2,608 troops returning from combat in Iraq and Afghanistan over the past 12 months. Only troops are firing their weapons to target enemies who are allowed to participate. 1,188 troops armed with M16A2 or A4 rifles, making 46 percent of the survey. 75 percent of M16 users (891 troops) reported they were satisfied with the weapon. 60 percent (713 troops) are satisfied with quality handling such as handguard, size, and weight. Of the 40 percent are not satisfied, mostly by their size. Only 19 percent of M16 users (226 troops) reported termination, while 80 percent of those with discontinuations said it had little impact on their ability to eliminate cessation and re-engage their targets. Half of M16 users never fail from their magazines to feed. 83 percent (986 soldiers) did not need their rifles to be fixed while in the theater. 71 percent (843 troops) believe in the reliability of the M16, defined as the level of confidence their armed guns will shoot without damage, and 72 percent (855 troops) believe in their durability, defined as the level of confidence their arms will not break. or need to be fixed. Both of these factors are associated with a high level of soldiers who do their own care. 60 percent of M16 users offer recommendations for improvement. Demand includes greater bullet lethality, new builds, not rifle rebuilds, better quality magazines, lower weight, and foldable stock. Some users recommend shorter and lighter weapons such as the M4 carbine. Some issues have been addressed with the publication of the Improved STANAG magazine in March 2009, and M855A1 Performance Improvement in June 2010.
In early 2010, two journalists from The New York Times spent three months with soldiers and Marines in Afghanistan. While there, they questioned about 100 infantrymen about the reliability of their M16 rifles, as well as the M4 carbine. Troops did not report reliability issues with their rifles. While only 100 soldiers are required, they engage in daily combat in Marja, including at least a dozen intense engagements in Helmand Province, where the ground is covered with fine powdered sand (called "moon dust" by troops) that can stick to firearms. Weapons are often dusty, wet, and covered in mud. Intense battles last for hours with several magazines issued. Only one soldier reported jam when his M16 was covered in mud after climbing out of the canal. The weapon was cleared and fired again with the next round of chambers. Subsequently, the Chief of Staff of the Navy Command in charge of weapons training and the performance of the Third Battalion, the Sixth Marines, reported that "We have encountered a problem, we have no problems." with its 350 M16 battalion and 700 M4.
Design
M16 is a light assault rifle, 5.56 mm, air-cooled, operated with gas, and given a magazine, with a rotating bolt. The M16 receiver is made of 7075 aluminum alloys, barrel, bolt, and carrier bolt of steel, and handguard, handrail gun, and plastic buttstock.
The M16A1 is very light at 7.9 pounds (3.6 kg) with 30-round magazines loaded. This is significantly less than the M14 that was replaced at 10.7 pounds (4.9 kg) with 20-round magazines loaded. It's also lighter when compared to 8.3 pounds of AKM (3.8 kg) with 30-round magazines loaded.
The M16A2 weighs 8.8 pounds (4.0 kg) loaded with 30-round magazines, due to the adoption of thicker barrel profiles. The thick barrel is more resistant to damage when handled roughly and also slower to overheat during a sustained fire. Unlike the traditional "bull" barrel which is thick in length, the M16A2 barrel is only thick in front of the handguard. The barrel profile under the handguard remains the same as the M16A1 for compatibility with the M203 grenade launcher.
Barrel
The initial M16 barrel model has a twist rifling of 4 grooves, right hand rotation, 1 turn in 14 inches hole (1: 355.6 mm) - because it is the same rifle used by the remington round.222. This is shown to make light.223 Remington bullets flew on long distances and were soon replaced. Then the model has improved rifling with 6 grooves, right hand rotation, 1 turn in 12 inches (1: 304.8 mm) to improve accuracy and optimized for use with standard AS M193 cartridges. The current model is optimized for heavier NATO SS109 bullets and has 6 grooves, right hand rotation, 1 turn in 7 inches (1: 177.8 mm). Weapons designed to receive both M193 or SS109 rounds (such as civilian market clones) typically have 6-groove, right hand turn, 1 turn in 9 inch (1: 228.6 mm) holes, although 1: 8 inches and 1: 7 inch round rate is available as well.
Recoil
"The Stoner System (M16) provides a very symmetrical design that allows straight line movement of the operating components.This allows the recoil power to drive straight back.Instead of connecting or other mechanical parts that drive the system, high-pressure gas performs this function. , reducing the weight of the moving parts and the gun as a whole. "M16 straight line recoil design, in which the recoil springs are located in stock directly behind the action, and serve the double function of the operating spring and recoil buffer. Stocks in line with the holes also reduce muzzle rise, especially during auto fires. Because backing does not significantly shift the destination point, quicker follow-up shots are possible and user fatigue is reduced. Also, the current M16 flash-suppressors model also acts as a compensator to reduce further recoil.
Note: Free recoil is a mathematical equation that is calculated using the weight of the shotgun, bullet weight, muzzle velocity and payload. That is what will be measured if the shotgun is fired from the rope, free to back off. As mentioned above, the crack perceived rifle also depends on many other factors that are not easily measured.
Views
The most typical M16 ergonomic feature is the handle carrying and rear view assembly over the receiver. This is a by-product of the original design, in which the carry handle serves to protect the charging handle. Since the line of sight is 2.5 in (63.5 mm) above the hole, M16 has an inherent parallax problem. At closer distances (usually within 15-20 meters), the shooter must compensate by aiming high to place the shot in the desired spot. M16 has a viewing radius of 500 mm (19.75 inches). M16 uses an L-type flip, aperture rear view and adjusts to two settings, 0 to 300 meters and 300 to 400 meters. Front view is a customizable post for altitude in the field. Rear vision can be adjusted in the field for windage. The scene can be adjusted with the tip of a bullet or a pointed tool, as troops are trained to fire their own weapons. The image looks the same as M14, M1 Garand, M1 Carbine and M1917 Enfield. The M16 also has a "Low Light Level Vision System", which includes the outlook post with a Tritium H3 radioactive glassy (light-in-dark) radio glass and larger back view of the opening. M16 can also install a scope on the carrier handle. With the advent of M16A2, a completely customizable new rear view is added, allowing the rear view to be rotated for a certain distance between 300 and 800 meters and to allow wind adjustment without the need for tools or cartridges. Modern versions like the M16A4 have a removable grip and use Picatinny rails, allowing the use of multiple scopes and observation devices. Current Army and US Air Force M4 Carbine problems come with M68 Close Combat Optic and Back-up Iron Sight. The US Marine Corps uses ACOG Rifle Combat Optic and US Navy using EOTech Holographic Weapon Sight.
Range and accuracy
The M16 rifle is considered very accurate. Lightweight thresholds, high speed and flat trajectory allow the shooter to take head shots up to 300 meters. The newer M16s use the newer M855 cartridge which increases its effective range up to 600 meters. They are more accurate than their predecessors and are capable of firing groups of 1-3 inches at a distance of 100 yards. "In Fallujah, the [Iraq] Marines with ACOG-equipped M16A4 created a stir by taking so many head shots until the wound was examined carefully, some observers thought that the rebels had been executed." The latest EPR M855A1 cartridges are even more accurate and during the "... test have shown that, on average, 95 percent of the rounds will reach the 8 Ã- 8 inch target at a distance of 600 meters."
Note *: The effective range of firearms is the maximum distance at which the weapons can be accurately estimated and achieve the desired effect.
Note **: Horizontal distance is the distance traveled by a bullet, fired from a rifle at a height of 1.6 meters and 0 Â ° elevation, until the bullet hits the ground.
*** Note: The deadly range is the maximum range of small arms projectiles, while retaining the minimum energy required to keep people out of action, which is generally believed to be 15 kilograms (108 feet-Ib.). This is equivalent to the.22LR pistol's.
**** Note: Maximum range of small arms projectiles is achieved about 30 Â ° elevation. This maximum range is only for security purposes, not for combat blackouts.
Ballistic terminal
The 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm cartridge has several advantages over the 7.62ÃÆ'â €" 51mm NATO round used on the M14 rifle. This allows each soldier to carry more ammunition and is easier to control during an automatic fire or explode. The NATO 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm cartridge can also produce a large wounding effect when the bullet impacts the high speed and yaw (" tumbles ") on the network leading to rapid fragmentation and energy transfer.
The original ammunition for the M16 is a 55-point M193 cartridge. When fired from a 20 "barrel at a distance of up to 100 meters, the flattened bulbhead head moves fast enough (above 2900 feet/sec) that the force invading the human body will cause the rotation to become yaw (or fall)) and fragments to about a dozen the cuts of various sizes thereby creating wounds disproportionate to their caliber.These injuries are so devastating that many consider M16 to be an inhumane weapon.When the 5.56mm rotational speed decreases, so does the number of fragments it produces.The 5.56mm rotation is usually not cut off at a distance beyond 200 meters or at speeds below 2500 ft/s, and turn them off depending on the placement of the shots.
With the development of the M16A2, the new 62-grain M855 cartridge was adopted in 1983. The heavier bullets had more energy, and were made with steel cores to penetrate the Soviet body armor. However, this causes less fragmentation in impact and reduces the effect on the target without the armor, both of which reduce the transfer of kinetic energy and injury ability. Several soldiers and Marines overcame this through training, with the requirement to shoot three vital areas to guarantee killing of targets.
However, there are repeatable and consistent reports about the inability of M855 to injure effectively (ie fragments) when fired from the short barrel M4 carbine (even at close range). The M4's 14.5 "barrel length reduces the speed of the muzzle to about 2900 ft/s.This reduces the wounding ability is one reason that, despite the Army transition to the M4's short barrel, the Marine Corps has decided to continue using M16A4 with its 20 barrels 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm M855 relies heavily on high speed to be able to effectively hurt.
In 2003, the US Army argued that the lack of death 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm is more a matter of perception than fact. By placing a good shot into the head and chest, the target is usually defeated without any problems. The majority of failures are the result of hitting targets in non-vital areas such as extremities. However, a minority of failures occur despite some blows in the chest. In 2006, a study found that 20% of soldiers using M4 Carbine wanted more deadly or stopping power. In June 2010, the US Army announced to begin delivering 5.56mm, Lead-free, M855A1 new Enhanced Performance Round for active battle zone. The upgrade is designed to maximize the performance of 5.56ÃÆ' to 45mm rounds, to extend reach, improve accuracy, increase penetration and consistently divide soft tissue when fired from not only standard length M16 but also short barrel M4 carbine. The US Army was very impressed with the new EPR M855A1 round that they are now developing a 7.62 NATO variant.
Magazines
M16 Magazine is intended to be a lightweight and removable item. Thus, it is made of aluminum press/stamped and is not designed to be durable. M16 initially used a 20-round magazine which was later replaced by a twisted 30-round design. As a result, magazine followers tend to sway or tilt, causing malfunctions. Many non-US and commercial magazines have been developed to effectively reduce these shortcomings (eg, H & K all-stainless-steel M & C, Magpul P-MAG polymers, etc.).
The production of a 30-lap magazine began in late 1967 but did not completely replace the 20-lap magazine until the mid-1970s. The standard USGI aluminum 30-spherical M16 magazine weighs 0.24 lb (0.11 kg) empty and 7.1 inches (18 cm) in length. A new plastic magazine about half an inch longer. The new steel magazine is about 0.5 inches longer and four ounces heavier. The M16 Magazine has become an official NATO STANAG magazine and is currently used by many Western countries, in many weapons systems.
In 2009, the US military began rolling out an "improved magazine" identified by brown followers. "The new followers incorporate extended hind legs and modified bulletheads for stacking and enhanced rotation orientation.The self-leveling/anti-tilt followers minimize jamming while broader spring profiles create even style distributions.The performance gain does not add weight or cost to magazines. "
In July 2016, the US Army introduced another improvement, a new Performance Improved Magazine, which is said to produce a 300% increase in reliability in M4 Carbine. Developed by the US Armed Forces Research Center, Development, and Armed Forces Engineering and Army Research Laboratory in 2013, it is brown with blue followers to distinguish it from previous, incompatible magazines.
Tool snout
Most M16 rifles have a threaded barrel on 1/2-28 "threads to combine the use of a muzzle device such as a flash or sound suppressor.The initial flash suppression design has three tines or forks and is designed to preserve night shooters by interrupting flash vision. against damage and tangled in vegetation. The design was then changed to cover the tip to avoid this and became known as the "A1" or "bird cage" flash suppressor on the M16A1.Finally on the M16A2 version of the rifle, the lower port was closed to reduce muzzle climbing and prevent dust from riding when the rifle is fired in a prone position. For this reason, the US military declares A2 flash compressor as a compensator or muzzle of a brake gun, but more commonly known as a "GI" or "A2" flash suppressor.
The Vortex Flash Hider M16 weighs 3 ounces, is 2.25 inches long, and does not require a lock washer to fit into the barrel. It was developed in 1984, and is one of the earliest personally-designed muzzle devices. The US military uses Vortex Flash Hider on M4 carbines and M16 rifles. The Vortex version has been adopted by the Canadian Military for the Colt Canada C8 CQB rifle. Other flash suppliers developed for M16 include Phantom Flash Suppressor by Yankee Hill Machine (YHM) and KX-3 by Noveske Rifleworks.
Threaded barrel enables sound suppressers with the same thread pattern to be attached directly to the barrel; but this can lead to such complications as not being able to remove the suppressor from the barrel due to repeated shots at full auto bursts or three rounds. A number of suppliers have designed a "direct-connect" sound suppressor that can be installed via an existing M16 flash suppressor as opposed to using a barrel thread.
Grenade launcher and shotgun
All current M16 type rifles can be mounted beneath a 40 mm grenade launch barrel, such as the M203 and M320. Both use the same 40 mm grenade with an older and stand-alone M79 grenade launcher. M16 can also install 12 gauge rifles under the barrel such as KAC Masterkey or M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System.
Kerus Kontrol Kerusuhan
The M234 Riot Control Launcher is an M16-series rifle attachment firing a blank round of M755. M234 mounted on muzzle, bayonet lug and front guard M16. It lights up either M734 64 mm Kinetic Riot Control or M742 64 mm CSI Riot Control Ring Airfoil Projectiles. The latter produces a tear gas cloud as high as 4 to 5 feet during a collision. The main advantage of Ring Airfoil Projectiles is that their designs do not allow them to be thrown back by rioters with any real effects. M234 is no longer used by US forces. It has been replaced by a 40 mm M203 grenade launcher and non-lethal ammunition.
Bayonet
M16 is 44.25 inches long (1124 mm) with bayonet M7 installed. Bayonet M7 is based on previous designs such as M4, M5, & amp; M6 bayonets, all of which are direct descendants of the M3 Fighting Knife and have a spear blade with a sharply sharp secondary tip. The newer Bayonet M9 has a clip-point blade with sawtooth along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose blades and wire cutters when combined with a holster. Bayonet USMC OKC-3S currently has a resemblance to the Martian-owned Ka-Bar fighter blade with serrations near the handle.
Bipod
For use as an ad-hoc automatic rifle, M16 and M16A1 can be equipped with XM3 bipods, then standardized as Bipod, M3 (1966) and Rifle Bipod M3 (1983). Weighing just 0.6 lbs, the simple and unadjustable bipod is clamped to the barrel of the rifle to allow the fire to be supported.
The bipod M3 continued to be referenced in at least one official manual by the end of 1985, where it was stated that one of the most stable firing positions was "biped prone [sic] supported for auto fires."
NATO Standard
In March 1970, the US recommended that all NATO troops adopt 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm cartridges. This shift represents a change in the long-held military position philosophy of caliber sizes. In the mid-1970s, other soldiers were looking at M16 style weapons. The NATO standardization effort was soon started and various round tests were conducted starting in 1977. The US offered a 5.56 Æ' - 45mm M193 round, but there were concerns about penetration in the face of a wider introduction of body armor. In the end, the 5.56ÃÆ'-45mm SS109 Belgium round was selected (STANAG 4172) in October 1980. The SS109 round is based on US cartridges but includes a new, stronger, 62 bullet design bullet, with improved long-distance performance and enhanced penetration ( specifically, to consistently penetrate the steel helmet side at 600 meters). Due to its design and lower muzzle velocity (about 3110 ft/s), the Belgian SS109 round is considered more humane because it is less likely to be cut off from the US M193 round. The standard NATO 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm ammunition produced for US troops is designated as M855.
In October 1980, shortly after NATO received the NATO 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm rifle cartridge. Draft Standardization Agreement 4179 (STANAG 4179) is proposed to allow NATO members to easily share rifle and magazine ammunition up to individual warrior levels. The magazine selected to be a magazine STANAG was originally designed for US M16 rifles. Many NATO member countries, but not all, then develop or buy rifles with the ability to accept this type of magazine. However, the standard was never ratified and remains the 'Draft of STANAG'.
All current M16 type rifles are designed to fire 22 mm STANAG granulator gun from their integral flash buffer without using adapter. This 22 mm grenade type ranges from anti-tank rotation to simple finned tube with fragmented hand grenade attached to the end. They come in a "standard" type that is driven by empty cartridges put into the rifle booth. They also come in "bullet traps" and "shoot through" types, as their names imply, they use live ammunition. The US military generally does not use gun grenades; However, they are used by other countries.
NATO STANAG 4694 Access rail, or Picatinny rail STANAG 2324, or "Tactical Rail" is a bracket used on M16 type rifles to provide standard mounting platforms. The rail consists of a series of mountains with a T-shaped cross section interspersed with a flat "gap". The scope is installed either by sliding it from one end or the other; by using a "rail-grabber" clamped into a rail with bolts, screws or levers; or to the slot between the raised part. The rails are initially for the scope. However, once established, the use of the system is extended to other accessories, such as tactical lights, laser pointing modules, night vision devices, reflex sights, foregrips, bipods and bayonets.
Currently, M16 is being used by 15 NATO countries and more than 80 countries worldwide.
ArmaLite AR-15
ArmaLite AR-15
The weapon that eventually became the M16 series is essentially the lower-scaled AR-10 with a grip of ambidextrous filling located in a handle bearing, a narrow front "A" frame, and no flash suppressor.
Colt ArmaLite AR-15 (Model 601 & amp; ; 602)
The first two Colt models produced after the arms acquisition of the ArmaLite are 601 and 602, and these rifles are in many ways clones of the original ArmaLite rifles (in fact, these rifles are often found under the Armite ArmaLite AR-15, Properties of the Caliber US Government 0.223 , without reference to them being M16). The 601 and 602 are easily identifiable by a lower flat receiver with no raised surface around the magazine with both green and sometimes green or brown furniture. The 601 was first adopted from every rifle by the USAF, and was quickly equipped with XM16 (Colt Model 602) and then M16 (Colt Model 604) as repairs were made. There were also limited purchases of 602, and a number of these two rifles found their way to a number of Special Operations units which later operated in Southeast Asia, especially the US Navy SEALs. The only major difference between 601 and 602 is the transition from the original 1: 14 inch rotary round to the more common 1: 12 inch round. These weapons are equipped with triangular filling grips and bolts holding open devices that do not have a lower engagement surface. The bolts keep the open device has a slanted and jagged surface that must be involved with the thumb, forefinger, or thumb nail due to the lack of this surface. The US Air Force continued to use the ArmaLite AR-15 marked guns in various configurations into the 1990s.
Variant
M16
This is the first M16 variant to be adopted operationally, initially by the US Air Force. It comes with a triangular handguard, uncompartment butt stock for cleaning kit storage, three-pronged flash suppressor, full automatic, and no forward assistance. The bolt carrier was initially chrome and slippery, less helpful to the fore. Then, chrome plated operators were dropped for the Army to issue a ship read and parkerized even though the interior of the bolt carrier was still chrome plated. The Air Force continued to operate these guns until about 2001, at which time the Air Force turned all its M16 into M16A2 configurations.
The M16 was also adopted by the British SAS, which used it during the Falklands War.
XM16E1 and M16A1 (Colt Model 603)
The US Army XM16E1 is essentially the same weapon as the M16 with the addition of forward aids and the corresponding notches on the bolt carrier. M16A1 is the final production model of 1967.
To address the issues raised by the XM16E1 testing cycle, a flash enclosure enclosure replaces the XM16E1 which has a three-pronged flash suppressor caught on twigs and leaves. Various other changes were made after many problems in the field. The cleaning kit is developed and removed in barrels with chrome-plated space and then fully loaded.
With these and other changes, the extent of the damage slowly declines and the new army is generally unfamiliar with the initial problem. The ribs are built into the receiver side of the XM16E1 to help prevent accidentally pressing the magazine release button while closing the ejection port cover. The rib is then extended to the production of M16A1 to help prevent magazine release from being accidentally suppressed. The bolt hole receiving the cam pin is wrinkled inward on one side, such that the cam pin can not be inserted with a bolt mounted backwards, which will cause failure to be removed until corrected. M16A1 sees limited use in training capacity until the early 2000s, but is no longer in active service with the US, although it is still a standard problem in many of the world's armies.
M16A2
The development of the M16A2 rifle was initially requested by the United States Marine Corps as a result of USMC combat experience in Vietnam with XM16E1 and M16A1. It was officially adopted by the US Department of Defense as "US Rifle, 5.56mm, M16A2" in 1982. The Marines were the first branch of the US Army to adopt M16A2 in the early/mid 1980s, with the United States. Troop troops followed in the late 1980s. The modifications to the M16A2 are very wide. In addition to the new rifling, the barrel is made with a larger thickness in front of the outlook post, to withstand bending in the field and to allow longer sustained fire periods without overheating. The rest of the barrel is maintained at the original thickness to allow the M203 grenade launcher to be attached. A customizable new rear view is added, enabling the rear view to be rotated for a certain distance setting between 300 and 800 meters to take full advantage of ballistic characteristics of the new SS109 round and to allow wind adjustment without the need for tools or bullets. The reliability of the weapon allows it to be used extensively around the US Marine Corps' special operations division as well. The flash press is re-modified, this time should be closed at the bottom so it will not kick dirt or snow when fired from prone position, and act as a backward compensator. The front grip is modified from the original triangular shape into a round shape, which fits better with smaller hands and can be fitted to older M16 models. The new handguard is also symmetrical so the armory does not need to separate the left and right parts. The handguard retention ring is tapered to make it easier to install and remove the hand hooks. The notch for the middle finger is added to the pistol grip, as well as more texture to improve the grip. Buttstock is extended by 5 / 8 at (15.9 mm). Buttstock was only ten times stronger than the original due to advances in polymer technology since the early 1960s. The original M16 stock is made of fiberglass-impregnated resin; newer shares are engineered from thermoset-filled thermoset polymers with DuPont Zytel glass. New stocks include full textured buttplate polymers for better grip on the shoulders, and retain panels for accessing small compartments in stock, often used for storing basic cleaning kits. The heavier bullet reduces the muzzle speed from 3,200 feet per second (980 m/s), to around 3,050 feet per second (930 m/s). A2 uses a faster twist rifling to allow the use of trajectory-matched trackers. It has a 1: 7 playback rate. A spent case deflector is inserted into the top receiver just behind the ejection port to prevent cases from users using the left hand.
The action is also modified, replacing fully automatic settings with a three-round burst setting. When using all-automatic weapons, inexperienced forces often hold the trigger and "spray" on fire. The US Army concluded that the group of three shots provided an optimal combination of ammunition conservation, accuracy, and firepower. USMC has pulled M16A2 to support the newer M16A4; some M16A2 still operate with US Army Reserve and National Guard, Air Force, Navy and Coast Guard.
M16A3
M16A3 is a modified version of the M16A2 that is adopted in small quantities by US Navy, Seabee, and US Security units. It features M16A1 trigger groups providing "safe", "semi-automatic" and "fully automatic" modes instead of "safe", "semi-automatic", and "burst" modes.
M16A4
M16A4 is the fourth generation of the M16 series. Equipped with a removable carrier handle and a full quad Picatinny rail for optical installation and other enhancements. The FN M16A4, using a safe/semi/fire selective burst, becomes a standard issue for the US Marine Corps and is a current issue for recruiting Marine Corps at both MCRD San ​​Diego and MCRD Parris Island as well as candidates at the School of Prospective Officers in Quantico, Virginia.
Military weapons weapons are also equipped with Knight's Armament Company M5 RAS hand protection, allowing vertical grip, laser, tactical lights, and other accessories to be attached, incorporating M16A4 MWS (or Modular Weapon System) designation in the US Army field manual.
Colt also produces the M16A4 model for international purchases, with a particular fire of choice:
- R0901/NSN 1005-01-383-2872 (Safe/Semi/Automatic)
- R0905 (Safe/Semi/Burst)
A study of significant changes to the Marine M16A4 rifle released in February 2015 outlines some new features that can be added from inexpensive and available components. These features include: snout compensator instead of flash presses to manage the recoil and allows for faster shooting, albeit with the cost of noise and flash signatures and the potential for excess pressure in close proximity; heavier and/or free-floating barrel to increase the accuracy of 4.5 MOA to potentially 2 MOA; change the reticle on Rifle Combat Optic from chevron-shaped to semi-circle with the center point used in M27 IAR's Squad Day Optic so as not to blur the target at a distance; using trigger groups with more consistent tensile strength, even exploding capabilities; and the addition of the ambidextrous charging handle and release the blade release for easier use with the left-handed shooter.
In 2014, Marine units are provided with a limited number of stocks that can be customized in lieu of the traditional fixed stock for their M16A4 to be issued to smaller Marines who will have difficulty reaching the trigger while wearing body armor. Adjustable stock is added as a standard authorized accessory, meaning units can use operations and maintenance funds to purchase more if needed.
The Marine Corps have long maintained the full-length M16 as their standard infantry rifle, but in October 2015 the transition to the M4 carbine was approved as a standard edition weapon, giving smaller and more compact Marine Martian armies. Sufficient M4s are already in stock to replenish all required units by September 2016, and M16A4 will be transferred to Marine support and non-infantry.
Summary of differences
Derivatives
; GAU- 5)
In Vietnam, some soldiers issued a carbine version of the M16 named XM177. The XM177 has a shorter 10 in (254 mm) barrel and telescoping stock, which makes it much more compact. It also has a combination of flash hider/sound moderator to reduce problems with flash muzzles and harsh reports. The Air Force GAU-5/A (XM177) and Army XM177E1 variants differ over the inclusion of forward forward aids, although some GAU-5 does have help going forward. The last Air Force GAU-5/A and Army XM177E2 has 11.5 in (292 mm) barrels with longer flash/sound suppressors. The elongation of the barrel to support the installation of Colt XM148 40 mm grenade launcher. This version is also known as the Commando Colt model which is generally referenced and marketed as CAR-15. The variant was issued in limited numbers for special forces, helicopter crews, Air Force pilots, Army Military Security Police Workers (MWD) Military Security Guards, officers, radio operators, artillery and troops other than front-line rifles. Some USAF GAU-5A/As are then equipped with a 14.5-inch (370 mm) 1/12 longer barrel because the two shorter versions are outdated. The 14.5 inch (370 mm) barrel allows the use of MILES and bayonet teeth to be used with sub-machine guns (as the Air Force describes them). In 1989, the Air Force began to replace the previous barrel with 1/7 of the model seized for use with M855 rounds. Weapon given redesignation GUU-5/P.
It was effectively used by the British Special Air Services during the Falklands War.
M4 carbine
M4 carbine was developed from these design developments, including a 14.5-inch (368 mm) A1 carbine. XM4 (Colt Model 727) started trials in the mid-1980s, with a barrel of 14.5 inches (370 mm). Officially adopted as a substitute for the M3 "Grease Gun" (and Beretta M9 and M16A2 for elected troops) in 1994, it was used with great success in the Balkans and in more recent conflicts, including Afghan and Iraqi theater. Carbine M4 has a three-round firing mode, while the M4A1 carbine has a full automatic firing mode. Both have Picatinny rails on the top receiver, allowing the rear grip handle/rear assembly to be replaced with other observation devices.
M4 Commando
Colt also returned to the original "Commando" idea, with its Model 733, basically XM177E2 modernized with many features introduced on M16A2.
Diemaco C7 and C8
Diemaco C7 and C8 are the latest variants of the M16 developed and used by Canadian Forces and now produced by Colt Canada. C7 is a further development of the experimental M16A1E1. Like the previous M16, M16 can be triggered either in semi-automatic or auto mode, not the burst function selected for M16A2. C7 is also equipped with structural reinforcement, better handguard, and longer stock developed for M16A2. Diemaco turns a trap door in the buttstock to make it more accessible and a 0.5 inch (13 mm) spacer is available to adjust stock length to user preferences. The most visible external distinction between the American M16A2 and Diemaco C7s is the rear view retention of the A1 style. Not easily visible is the use of Diemaco from barrels forged hammers. The Canadians initially wanted to use a heavy barrel profile instead.
C7 has been developed into the C7A1, with the Weaver rail on the top receiver for optical vision C79, and to C7A2, with different furniture and internal improvements. Diemaco produces the Weaver rail on the original C7A1 variant does not meet the "Picatinny" M1913 standard, which causes some problems with the mounting commercial scene. This is easily fixed with minor modifications to the top receiver or the vision itself. Since the acquisition of Diemaco by Colt to form Colt Canada, all of Canada's top flattop receivers were produced with M1913 standards.
C8 is a carbine version of C7. C7 and C8 are also used by HÃÆ'Â|rens Jegerkommando , Marinejegerkommandoen and FSK (Norway), Danish Military (all branches), Royal Dutch Army and Dutch Marine Corps as infantry weapons primarily. After trials, the variant became the UK's preferred SAS weapon.
Heckler & amp; Koch HK416
Heckler & amp; Koch HK416 is an assault rifle designed and manufactured by Heckler & amp; Koch. It is based on the M16, and was originally conceived as an improvement based on the family of Colt M4 carbines issued to the US military, with the inclusion of HK's short-stroke gas piston system derived from Heckler & amp; Koch G36. HK416 is used by Navy SEAL US to kill Osama bin Laden.
Mk 4 Mod 0
The Mk 4 Mod 0 is a variant of the M16A1 produced for the US Navy SEALs during the Vietnam War and was adopted in April 1970. It differs from the basic M16A1 primarily optimized for maritime operations and equipped with sound suppressors. Most of the rifle operation parts are lined in Kal-Guard, 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) holes drilled through stock and buffer tubes for drainage, and the O-rings are added to the end of the buffer assembly.. The weapon can be reported to be brought to a depth of 200 feet (60 m) in water without damage. Mk 2 Mod 0 The initial Supplier Blast is based on the US Army's M4 US National Lab (HEL) noise suppressor. The HEL M4 gas is released directly from the action, requiring a modified bolt carrier. A gas deflector is added to the charging handle to prevent gas from contacting the user. Thus, the HEL M4 suppressor is installed permanently although it allows normal semi-automatic and automatic operation. If the HEL M4 suppressor is removed, the weapon must be loaded manually after every single shot. On the other hand, the Mk 2 Mod 0 explosive suppressor is considered an integral part of the Mk 4 Mod 0 rifle, but will function normally if the suppressor is released. Modulator suppressor Mk 2 Mod 0 also drains much faster water and does not require modifications to the carrier bolt or to the charging handle. In the late 1970s, the Mk 2 Mod 0 explosive suppressor was replaced by a Mk 2 explosive suppressor made by Knight's Armament Company (KAC). The KAC supressor can be completely submerged and water will flow out in less than eight seconds. It will operate without degradation even if the shotgun is fired at the maximum level of fire. The US Army replaces the HEL M4 with a much simpler Study in Operation Negotiation Rebellion and Counter-Subversion (SIONICS) MAW-A1 noise and flash suppressor.
Developed to increase the effective range of soldiers in the role of designated marksman, the US Navy developed the Mark 12 Special Purpose Rifle (SPR). The configuration in the service varies, but the core of the Mark 12 SPR is 18 "heavy barrel with brake muzzle and free buoy tube.This tube reduces the pressure on the barrel caused by the standard handguard and greatly improves the accuracy of the system's potential.Also common is the higher magnification optics ranging from 6ÃÆ'â € "Trijicon ACOG power to the scope of the Leupold Mark 4 rifle, firing Mark 262 Mod 0 ammunition with 77gr Open tip Match bullet, the system has an official effective range of 600 meters, but reports published confirmations of murder beyond 800 m from Iraq and Afghanistan is not uncommon.
M231 Ignition Port Weapon (FPW)
The M231 Firing Port Weapon (FPW) is a customized version of the M16 assault rifle to shoot from the port on M2 Bradley. Normal M16 infantry is too long to be used in "buttoned" combat vehicles, so FPW is developed to provide weapons suitable for this role.
Colt Model 655 and 656 "Sniper" variant
With the widespread Vietnam War, Colt developed two rifles from the M16 pattern for evaluation as a sniper or designated sniper. The Colt Model 655 M16A1 Special High Profile is basically a standard A1 rifle with a heavier barrel and a scope bracket attached to the handle carrying a rifle. The Colt Model 656 M16A1 Special Low Profile has a special top receiver without a carry handle. Instead, it has a low-profile iron view adjusted for windage and base Weaver to install scopes, predecessors for the Colt and Picatinny rails. It also has a view of a hooded front iron in addition to a heavy barrel. Both rifles come standard with Leatherwood/Realist scope 3-9ÃÆ'â € "Adjustable Based Telescopes. Some of them are equipped with Sionics sound and flash suppressor. None of these rifles has ever been standardized.
These weapons can be seen in many ways to become a precursor of the US Army-HR-R and USMC SAM-R weapons.
More
- China Norinco CQ is an unlicensed derivative of M16A1 made specifically for export, with the most obvious external difference being in handguard and revolver style handgun grip.
- Rifles ARMADA (copy of Norinco CQ) and TRAILBLAZER carbine (copy of Norinco CQ Type A) produced by S.A.M. - Shooter's Arms Manufacturing, a.k.a. Weapon Guns & amp; Ammo Corporation, headquartered in Metro Cebu, Republic of the Philippines.
- Rifles S-5.56 , copies of CQ Type, produced by the Iran Defense Industrial Organization. The rifle itself is offered in two variants: S-5.56 A1 with a 19.9-inch barrel and 1:12 pitch rifling (1 turn at 305Ã, mm), optimized for the use of M193 Ball cartridges; and S-5.56 A3 with 20-inch barrel and 1: 7 pitch rifling (1 round at 177.8 mm), optimized for SS109 cartridge usage.
- The KH-2002 is an Iranian bullpup conversion from a locally produced S-5.56 rifle. Iran intends to replace the standard armed forces of its armed forces with this rifle.
- The Terabed Rifle is a copy of DIO S-5.56 produced by the Sudanese Military Industries Corporation.
- M16S1 is a M16A1 rifle made under license by ST Kinetics in Singapore. It is a standard weapon of the Singapore Armed Forces. It was replaced by the newer SAR 21 in most of the branches. This is, meanwhile, a standard weapon in a reserve army.
- The MSSR rifle was developed as an inexpensive effective sniper rifle by Philippe Marine Corps Scout Snipers. The Assault Rifle Special Operation assault rifle (SOAR) was developed by Ferfrans based on the M16 rifle. This is used by the Special Action Force of the Philippine National Police.
- Taiwan uses piston-driven M16-based weapons as their standard rifle. These include the assault rifles T65, T86, and T91.
- Ukraine has announced plans for Ukroboronservis and Aeroscraft to produce the M16 WAC47, an accurate M4 variation using the standard 7.62ÃÆ' â € "39mm AK-47 dragon
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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