IBM Personal Computer , commonly known as IBM PC , is the original version and ancestor of IBM compatible PC hardware platform. This is the IBM model number 5150 , and was introduced on August 12, 1981. Created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida.
The general term personal computer was used before 1981, applied since 1972 to Alto Xerox PARC, but due to the success of IBM Personal Computer, the term "PC" became more specific. desktop microcomputers that are compatible with IBM's Personal Computer branded products. Since the machine is based on an open architecture, within a short time of its introduction, third-party suppliers of peripheral devices, expansion cards, and software proliferate; the influence of IBM PC on the personal computer market is very important in standardizing the platform for personal computers. "IBM compatible" becomes an important criterion for sales growth; after the 1980s, only the Apple Macintosh family retained a significant microcomputer market share without compatibility with IBM's personal computers.
Video IBM Personal Computer
Histori
Rumor
International Business Machines (IBM), one of the largest companies in the world, had a 62% share of the mainframe computer market in 1981. In the late 1970s the new personal computer industry was dominated by Commodore PET, the Atari 8-bit family, Apple II, Tandy Corporation TRS-80, and various CP/M engines. With $ 150 million in sales in 1979 and projected an annual growth of over 40% in the early 1980s, the microcomputer market was big enough for IBM's attention. Other major technology companies such as Hewlett-Packard (HP), Texas Instruments (TI), and Data General have entered it, and some large IBM customers bought Apple, so the company saw introducing their own personal computer as an experiment in new markets and defense against rivals , big and small.
In 1980 and 1981 rumors spread from IBM's personal computer, perhaps a miniature version of the IBM/370 System, while Matsushita admitted that they had discussed with IBM the possibility of making personal computers for American companies. The Japanese project, codenamed "Go", ends before the 1981 release of an American designed IBM PC codenamed "Chess", but two simultaneous projects are increasingly confusing rumors about upcoming products.
Too late?
Data General and TI's small computers are not very successful, but observers expect AT & T to quickly enter the computer industry, and other large companies like Exxon, Montgomery Ward, Pentel, and Sony are designing their own microcomputers. Whether IBM has been waiting too long to enter the industry where Apple and others have been successful is not clear.
An observer stated that "IBM pulled out a personal computer would be like teaching elephants to dance tap." The successful microcomputer company Vector $ fiscal year revenue of $ is $ 12 million. One IBM computer in the early 1960s cost as much as $ 9 million, occupying a quarter of an air-conditioned room, and had a staff of 60 people; in 1980 the cheapest computer, 5120, still cost about $ 13,500. "Colossus of Armonk" is only sold through its internal sales force, has no experience with retailers or retail stores, and does not introduce the first product designed to work with non-IBM equipment until 1980.
Other observers claim that IBM made that very slow decision, when tested, "what they found was that it would take at least nine months to send the empty box". As with any major computer company, the new product usually takes about four to five years for development. IBM must learn how to quickly develop, mass produce, and market new computers. While the company traditionally lets others pioneer new markets - IBM released its first commercial computer a year after Remington Rand's UNIVAC in 1951, but in five years had 85% of the market - personal computer development and price cycles much faster than for mainframes, with products designed within months and quickly obsolete.
Many in the microcomputer industry hate the power and wealth of IBM, and do not like the perception that an industry founded by startups needs people who are late so they have strict dress code and employee singing books. An important potential for a very prestigious corporate microcomputer, that popular saying in American companies states "No one has ever been fired for buying IBM", remains clear. InfoWorld , which describes itself as "The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users", states that "for my grandmother, and for millions of people like her, IBM and computers is a synonym ". Byte ("The Small Systems Journal") states in an editorial before the IBM PC announcement:
Rumors about personal computers come from giants like Digital Equipment Corporation and General Electric Company. But there is no contest. IBM's new personal computer... is far and away from media stars, not because of its features, but because it exists at all. When the company number eight in Fortune 500 came into the field, it was news... The influence of a personal computer made by a company whose name literally means "computers" for most of the world is hard to ponder.
The editorial acknowledges that "some factions in our industry view IBM as the 'enemy of ' , but conclude with optimism:" I want to see personal computing take a big step. "
predecessor
HP's programmable desktop calculators have evolved into the HP 9830 BASIC language computer in 1972. In 1972-1973 a team led by Dr. Paul Friedl at IBM's Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a prototype portable computer called SCAMP (Computer Portable Special Machine APL) based on the IBM PALM processor with Philips compact tape drives, small CRTs, and full-function keyboards. SCAMP imitated the IBM 1130 minicomputer to run APL \ 1130. In 1973 APL was generally only available on mainframe computers, and most desktop-sized microcomputers like the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because it was the first to emulate APL \ 1130's performance on a portable, single-user computer, PC Magazine in 1983 that named SCAMP the "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer". The prototype is at the Smithsonian Institution. The non-working industrial design model was also created in 1973 by industrial designer Tom Hardy who described how the SCAMP engineering prototype could be transformed into a product design that could be used for the market. This design model was asked by IBM executive Bill Lowe to complete the engineering prototype in its initial attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of creating a single user computer.
The successful demonstration of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the IBM 5100 microcomputer in 1975. By the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two tables and would have weighed about half a ton. The 5100 is a complete computer system that can be programmed in BASIC or APL, with CRT monitors, keyboards, and small tape drives built-in for data storage. It is also very expensive, up to US $ 20,000; computers designed for professional and scientific customers, not business users or fans. BYTE in 1975 announced 5100 with the title "Welcome, IBM, for personal computing" but PC Magazine in 1984 described 5100 as a "small mainframe" and stated that " as a personal computer, these machines are a miserable failure... the antithesis of user-friendly ", without IBM's support for third-party software. Despite news reports that it was IBM's first product without a model number, when the PC was introduced in 1981 it was designated as IBM 5150, putting it into the "5100 series" even though its architecture is not directly derived from IBM 5100. The next model follows trends: For example, IBM Personal Personal Computer, PC/XT, and AT PCs are IBM type machines 5155, 5160, and 5170, respectively.
Following SCAMP, IBM Boca Raton, Florida Laboratory created several single user computer design concepts to support Lowe's ongoing efforts to convince IBM that there are strategic opportunities in the personal computer business. This choice of early IBM design concepts made by industry designer Tom Hardy in the early days of personal computing is highlighted in the book Project Chess
Some employees oppose IBM entering the market. Someone said, "Why do you care about personal computers? Nothing to do with office automation." "Besides," he added, "all that can be done is embarrassing for IBM". The company studied the design of personal computers - Walden C. Rhines of TI, for example, in 1978 met the Boca Raton group considering the TMS9900 for a secret 16-bit secret microprocessor project - but has decided to study the market for many years. , and built a prototype during the 1970s, that IBM could not internally build a personal computer profitably.
IBM President John Opel is not among those skeptical of personal computers. He and CEO Frank Cary have created more than a dozen semi-autonomous "Business Units" (IBUs) to drive innovation; Fortune calls them "How to start your own company without leaving IBM". After Lowe became the first head of Entry Level System IBU in Boca Raton, his team researched the market. Computer dealers are very interested in selling IBM products, but told Lowe that companies can not design, sell, or service as IBM did before. An IBM microcomputer, they say, should consist of a standard part that can be repaired by an employee that can be fixed. Although dealers do not like Apple's business practices, including the Apple II shortcomings while the company focuses on the more sophisticated Apple III, they see no alternative as they doubt that the traditional sales methods and IBM bureaucracy will change.
Atari in 1980 proposed that he act as an original equipment manufacturer for IBM's microcomputer. Realizing that the company needed to enter the market quickly - even schools in Broward County, near Boca Raton, bought Apple - in July 1980 Lowe met Opel, Cary, and others at the important Corporate Management Committee. Lowe showed a proposal with an industrial design model by Tom Hardy based on the Atari 800 platform, and suggested acquiring Atari "because we can not do this in IBM culture".
Cary agreed on culture, observing that IBM would need "four years and three hundred people" to develop their own personal computer; Lowe, however, promised one in a year if done without traditional IBM methods. Instead of acquiring Atari, the committee allowed him to form an independent group of employees - "Dirty Dozen", led by engineer Bill Sydnes - who, Lowe promised, could design a prototype within 30 days. The raw prototype barely worked when he showed it in August, but Lowe presented a detailed business plan proposing that the new computer has an open architecture, using non-exclusive components and software, and sold through retail stores, all against the practice of IBM..
The Committee agrees that Lowe's approach is the most likely to succeed. With strong support from Opel, in October it was agreed to convert the group into another Mother with the code name "Project Chess" to develop "Acorn", with tremendous funding to help achieve the goal of introducing the product within a year of the August demonstration. After Lowe's promotion, Don Estridge became Chess's chief, and in January 1981 the team made its first computer demonstration at IBM. Other key members include Sydnes, Lewis Eggebrecht, David Bradley, Mark Dean, and David O'Connor. Many are already hobbyists who have their own computers including Estridge, which owns the Apple II. After the team received permission to expand to 150 by the end of 1980, it received more than 500 calls in one day from IBM employees interested in joining MOM.
Open standards
IBM is usually vertically integrated, buying only components such as transformers and semiconductors. It internally develops all important hardware and software and makes customers reluctant to purchase third party products compatible with IBM products. For PC companies avoid doing as much as possible; choose, for example, for a Microsoft BASIC license even if it has its own BASIC for the mainframe. (Estridge says that unlike IBM's own version of "Microsoft BASIC has hundreds of thousands of users worldwide.) How would you argue with that?") Although the company refused to do so, many observers concluded that IBM deliberately imitated Apple when designing PCs. Many Apple II owners in the team influence their decision to design computers with open architecture and publish technical information so that others can create peripherals of software and peripherals.
Although the company knew that it could not avoid competition from third-party software on proprietary hardware - Digital Research released CP/M-86 for IBM Displaywriter, for example - it was considered to use the IBM 801 RISC processor and operating system, developed at Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. The 801 processor is more of an order of magnitude stronger than Intel 8088, and the operating system is more advanced than Microsoft's PC DOS 1.0 operating system. Setting aside internal solutions makes team work easier and may avoid schedule delays, but the final consequence of the decision for IBM is far-reaching.
IBM recently developed the Datamaster business microcomputer, which uses Intel processors and other chips; familiarity with them and the immediate availability of the 8088 is the reason for choosing it for PC. The 62-pin expansion bus slot is designed to resemble the Datamaster slot. Differences from Datamaster include avoiding the all-in-one design while limiting the size of the computer so it still fits on a standard desktop with a keyboard (also similar to Datamaster's), and 5.25 "disk drives instead of 8". The delay due to software development In-house datamaster is the reason why IBM chose Microsoft BASIC - it's available for 8088 - and publishes technical information available to encourage third-party developers. IBM chose 8088 on top of the same but 8086 superior because Intel offers better pricing on the previous one and can provide more units, and the 8-bit 8088 bus reduces the cost of the rest of the computer.
The design for computers was basically completed in April 1981, when the manufacturing team took over the project. IBM can not only use its own hardware and make a profit with "Acorn". To save time and money, MOM builds the machine with commercial parts from the original equipment manufacturer whenever possible, with an assembly taking place in Boca Raton. MOM will decide whether it would be more economical to "Do or Buy" every step of the making. IBM's divisions for the first time competed with outsiders to build parts of new computers; IBM's North Carolina factory built the keyboard, the Endicott factory, New York had to lower its offer for printed circuit boards, and the Taiwanese company built the monitor. MOM selects existing monitors from IBM Japan and Epson printers. Because the components are only available off-shelf, the system's units and keyboards have IBM's unique industrial design elements. IBM's copyright only appears in BIOS ROM and on company logos, and companies are reportedly not receiving patents on PCs, with outsiders producing 90% of it. Since the product will carry the IBM logo, the only corporate division MOMs can not pass is the Quality Assurance Unit. A component manufacturer described the process chosen as a supplier as strict and "truly outstanding", with IBM inspectors even testing the soldering flux. They stay after selection, monitoring and help improve the manufacturing process. The size of IBM beat other companies; "a hundred IBM engineers" were reportedly visiting Mitel to meet with the last two employees on the matter, according to The New York Times.
Another aspect of IBM that does not change is its emphasis on secrecy; the employees at Yorktown do not know anything about Boca Raton activities. Those working on projects, inside and outside IBM, are under strict confidentiality agreements. When someone mentioned in public on Saturday that his company was working on software for a new IBM computer, security IBM appeared at the company on Monday to investigate the leak. After an IBM official found a printout in the supplier's garbage, the company had previously persuaded the latter to buy a shredder. American Management Science did not know until after agreeing to buy Peachtree Software in 1981 that the latter worked on software for PC. Developers such as Software Arts receive prototype computer boards in tin-lined boxes to block X-rays and seal with solder, and must store them in locked, windowless rooms; to develop software, Microsoft mimics PC on DEC minicomputer and uses prototype for debugging. After the PC debut, IBM Boca Raton employees continue to refuse to discuss their work in public. A writer compares the "silence" after asking one about his role in the company to "hit [ting] the wall at Boston Marathon: the conversation is over".
Debut
IBM is proud to announce a product you may have a personal interest. This is a tool that can soon be on your desk, in your home or in your child's schoolroom. This can make a startling difference in the way you work, learn or approach the complexities (and some simple pleasures) of life. This is the computer we created for you.
After developing it in 12 months - faster than any other hardware product in company history - IBM announced Personal Computer on August 12, 1981. Price starts at US $ 1.565 (equivalent to $ 4,213 in 2017) for configuration with 16K RAM, Color Graphics Adapter, and no disk drive. The company deliberately set the price for it and other configurations comparable to Apple and other rivals, What Dan Bricklin described as "quite competitive" surprising prices and other Software Arts employees; an analyst stated that IBM "has taken off gloves", while the company says "we suggest [price PC] invite comparison". Microsoft, Personal Software, and Peachtree Software are one of the developers of nine launch titles, including EasyWriter and VisiCalc. In addition to the company's existing sales force, IBM opened its own Product Center retail store. After studying Apple's successful distribution network, the company for the first time sold through others, ComputerLand and Sears Roebuck. Because retail stores receive revenues from computer repairs and provide warranty services, IBM violates the 70-year tradition by allowing and training non-IBM service personnel to repair PCs.
BYTE describes IBM has "the strongest marketing organization in the world", but PC marketing is also different from the previous product. The company recognizes the company's strong reputation among its potential customers; initial ads start "Presenting IBM Personal Computer". The ad emphasizes the novelty of someone who owns an IBM computer, describes "a product you may have a personal interest in" and asks the reader to think of IBM's own "... it belongs to you.For your business, your project, your department, your class, your family and, of course, to yourself. " The Little Tramp
After considering Alan Alda, Beverly Sills, Kermit the Frog, and Billy Martin as celebrity endorsers IBM chose Charlie Chaplin's The Little Tramp character - played by Billy Scudder - for a series of ads based on the Chaplin movie. The hugely popular and award-winning $ 36-million marketing campaign made the Modern Times star - a film that expresses Chaplin's refusal of big business, mechanization, and technological efficiency - (such as Creative Computing describes it as a mascot "cuddly warm" from one of the world's largest companies.
Chaplin and his character became closely associated with IBM - Time stating that "The Tramp... has provided [the] human face" - that other people use bowler and stick caps to represent or insult the company. Although the Chaplin property sued them like Otrona using unauthorized trademarks, the PC Magazine ' in the April 1983 edition has 12 ads referring to Little Tramp.
Third-party products
"We encourage third-party suppliers [for PCs]... we love to have them," says IBM. It does not sell PC software developed internally until April 1984, instead of relying on already established software companies. The company contacted Microsoft even before official Chess approval, and that and the others accepted the cooperation, one writer said, "inaudible" for IBM. Such openness shocks the observers; BYTE calls it "flashy" and "shocking", and one developer reports that "it's a very different IBM". Others said: "They were very open and helped give us all the technical information we needed. The feelings were radically different - like stepping out into the warm breeze." He concludes, "After years of fighting - against Uncreated Behavior - Here - we are gods."
Most other personal computer companies do not disclose technical details; TI, for example, deliberately makes the development of third-party 99/4A IT software difficult, even requiring lockout chips in cartridges. IBM itself keeps its mainframe technology so secret that its rival is charged for industrial espionage. For PCs, however, IBM soon released detailed information. US $ 36 PC PC Technical Reference Manual includes a complete circuit scheme, the commented ROM BIOS source code, and other engineering and programming information for all PC-related PC hardware, plus instructions for designing third-party peripherals. It was so comprehensive that one reviewer suggested that the manual could function as a university textbook, and it was very clear that a developer claimed that he could design an expansion card regardless of the physical computer.
IBM markets technical manuals in full-color page print ads, stating that "our software story is still being written, probably by you." Sydnes states that "The definition of personal computers is is third-party hardware and software." Estridge says that IBM does not maintain software development because it has to "out-VisiCalc VisiCorp and Peachtree-Peachtree out-and you can not do that".
Other ads tell developers that the company will consider publishing software for "Education, Entertainment, Personal finance, Data management, Self-improvement, Game, Communication, and yes, business." Estridge explicitly invites amateur and professional developers "small" to create a "with" product, he says, "our logo and our support". IBM sells PCs at great discounts to employees, encourages them to write software, and distributes cheap software catalogs written by individuals who may not appear in public.
Reactions
BYTE is correct in predicting that IBM's personal computer will receive much public attention. His rapid development left observers in awe, as did Colossus's desire of Armonk to sell as the title of the launch of Microsoft Adventure (a video game which, his press release stated, took "players into the fantasy world of caves and possessions"); the company even offers an optional joystick port. Future Computing estimates that "IBM Billion Dollar Baby" will have $ 2.3 billion in hardware sales in 1986. David Bunnell, an editor at Osborne/McGraw-Hill, recalls that
None of my colleagues who want to talk about Apple II or Osborne I anymore, also do not want to fantasize about writing the next super-sales program... All they want to talk about is the IBM Personal Computer - what it is, its potential and its limitations, and most importantly, the impact IBM will have on personal computing business.
Within seven weeks, Bunnell helped find PC Magazine , the first magazine for a new computer.
Competitors are more skeptical. Adam Osborne says "when you buy a computer from IBM, you buy a la carte.At the time you have a computer that does anything, it will be more expensive than Apple.I do not think Apple has something to worry about." Mike Markkula of Apple agrees that IBM products are more expensive than Apple II, and claim that the Apple III "offers better performance". He denied that the IBM PC offered more memory, claiming that his company could offer more than 128K "but frankly we did not know what people would do with that memory". In Tandy, John Roach said, "I do not think it matters"; Jon Shirley acknowledges that IBM has a "legendary service reputation" but claims that thousands of Radio Shack stores "can provide better service", while predicting that "IBM's primary market will be an IBM addict"; Other executives claim that Tandy can sell IBM computers for $ 3,000 with $ 1,000. Many criticize the PC design for not being innovative and outdated, and believe that its alleged flaws, such as the use of single-sided disks, single-density disks with less storage than computer RAM, exist because companies are unsure about the market and experimenting before releasing more computers good. (Estridge then boasted, "Many... say that there is no new technology in this machine.This is the best news we can have, we really have done what we did.")
Competitors like Apple, Tandy, and Commodore - along with over 50% of the personal computer market - have many advantages. While IBM started with a microcomputer, little hardware or software was available, and several hundred dealers, Radio Shack had 14 million subscribers and 8,000 stores - more than McDonald's - which only sells a variety of computers and accessories. Apple has five times as many dealerships in the US as IBM, an established international distribution network, and a base of more than 250,000 subscribers. Hundreds of independent developers produce software and peripherals for both companies' computers; there are at least ten Apple databases and ten word processors available, while PCs do not have a database and one word processor. The computer has very limited graphics capabilities, and customers who want high-quality color and text must purchase two graphics cards and two monitors.
Steve Jobs at Apple ordered the team to check the IBM PC. After finding it unimpressive - Chris Espinosa called the computer "half-assed, stale business" - the company confidently purchased a full-page ad in The Wall Street Journal with the title "Welcome, IBM. Microsoft chief Bill Gates was at Apple's headquarters on the day of IBM's announcement and then said "They do not seem to care.It takes a year for them to realize what has happened".
Success
IBM PC soon succeeded. The PC is small, lightweight, and easy to use. Because it's advertised as a personal computer for anyone and not just a big company, and because it's small and can easily get into people's homes, it's becoming a popular choice tool for many people. It is undeniable that IBM also advertised it with the beloved Charlie Chaplin bum character, who after seeing the computer, fell in love with him and bought a PC. Chaplin's character became the face of corporate PC.
BYTE reported a rumor that more than 40,000 were ordered on the day of the announcement; John Dvorak recalled that one of the dealers of the day praised computers as "extraordinary winners, and IBM knew how to treat us - no Apple arrogance". One dealer receives 22 $ 1,000 deposit from customers even though he can not promise delivery date. The company can sell all the first year's projected production to employees, and IBM customers who are reluctant to buy Apple are happy to buy microcomputers from their traditional suppliers. Computers began shipping in October, ahead of schedule; at that time some call it simply as "PC".
BYTE estimates that 90% of the 40,000 first day orders come from software developers. By COMDEX in November Tecmar developed 20 products including memory expansion and expansion chassis, even surprising IBM. Jerry Pournelle reported after attending the West Coast Computer Faire in early 1982 that because IBM "pushed amateurs" with "all-telling documents", "hardware and software explosions" were seen in the convention. Many professional business application software manufacturers, who had planned/developed versions for the Apple II, immediately shifted their efforts to the IBM PC when it was announced. Often, these products require hard-disk capacity and speed. Although IBM did not offer hard-disk options for nearly two years after its introduction of PCs, business sales remained catalyzed by the availability of hard disk subsystems simultaneously, such as those owned by Tallgrass Technologies sold at Computerland stores with IBM 5150 in the introduction to year 1981.
One year after the PC release, although IBM had sold fewer than 100,000 computers, PC World calculated 753 software packages for PCs - more than four times the amount available for Apple Macintosh one year after 1984 release - including 422 applications and nearly 200 utilities and languages. InfoWorld reported that "most major software houses have been frantically adapting their programs to run on PCs", with new PC-specific developers compiling "all the sub-industries that have formed around PC open systems", the Dvorak described as the "de facto standard microcomputer". The magazine estimates that "hundreds of small shop operations" are in "bloodthirsty" competition to sell peripherals, with 30 to 40 companies in price war for memory-expansion cards, for example. PC Magazine renames "1001 Items to Use with IBM PC" You become a matter of special after the number of list of products it receives exceeds that number. Tecmar and other companies that benefited from IBM's openness quickly grew in size and importance, as did PC Magazine; within two years it grew from 96 bi-monthly to 800 monthly pages, including nearly 500 pages of advertising.
Gates estimated that IBM would sell PCs "not far from 200,000" in 1982. By the end of the year, the company sells one minute every business day. It is estimated that 50 to 70% of PCs sold at retail stores go home, and publicity from selling popular products to consumers causes IBM, a spokesman said, "entered the world" by familiarizing them with Colossus of Armonk. Although PCs only provide two to three percent of sales, the company finds that they have underestimated the demand by as much as 800%. Because the price is based on a much lower estimated volume of - 250,000 over five years, which will make the PC a very successful IBM product - the PC becomes very profitable; sometimes companies sell almost a lot of computers per month. Estridge claimed in 1983 that from October 1982 to March 1983 customer demand increased fourfold. He stated that the company has increased production three times a year, and warned of component shortages if demand continues to rise. Many small supplier sales to IBM grew rapidly, both delighting their executives and causing them to worry about being overly dependent on them. Miniscribe, for example, in 1983 received 61% of hard drive orders from IBM; the company's share price fell by more than a third in a day after IBM reduced orders in January 1984. Suppliers often find, however, that prestige has IBM as a customer causing additional sales elsewhere.
In mid-1983, the Yankee Group estimated that ten new products related to IBM PCs appeared every day. In August 1983, the Chess Mum, with 4,000 employees, became the Entry Systems Division, which observers believe indicates that the PC is significantly important to IBM as a whole, and is no longer an experiment. PCs surpassed Apple II as the best-selling personal computer with more than 750,000 sold by the end of the year, while DEC sold only 69,000 microcomputers in the first nine months of this year despite offering three models for different markets. Retailers also benefit, with 65% of BusinessLand revenue coming from PCs. Demand still exceeded supply two years after its debut, although IBM sent 40,000 PCs per month, dealers reportedly received 60% or less of the amount they wanted. Pournelle received a PC that he paid in early July 1983 on November 1, and IBM Boca Raton employees and neighbors had to wait five weeks to buy a computer assembled there.
Domination
The Yankee Group also stated that the PC in 1983 "destroyed the market for some older machines" from companies such as Vector Graphic, North Star, and Cromemco. inCider wrote "This may be an Apple magazine, but do not deceive yourself, IBM has devoured a competitor like a grasshopper cloud". In February 1984, BYTE reported on the "phenomenal market acceptance of the IBM PC", and in the fall concluded that the company "has provided the field as the third major standard, after Apple II and CP/M". Some rivals speculate that the government may once again sue IBM for antitrust, and Ben Rosen claims that the dominance of the company "has a terrible effect on new ventures, the fear factor".
At that time, Apple did not welcome rivals who inCider were reputed to have a "godlike" reputation. His focus on III has delayed improvements on the II, and the sophisticated Lisa is unsuccessful in part because, unlike II and PC, Apple does not support third-party developers. The head of the retail chain said "It seems IBM has a better understanding of why Apple II is successful than Apple." Jobs, after trying to recruit Estridge to become Apple's president, admitted that in two years, IBM has joined Apple as "the two industry's strongest competitors". He warned in a speech before looking at the upcoming Super Bowl "1984" ad: "Apparently IBM wants it all ... Will Big Blue dominate the entire computer industry? All the information age? Is George Orwell right about 1984? "
IBM had $ 4 billion in annual PC revenue in 1984, more than double that of Apple and as much as Apple, Commodore, HP and Sperry combined, and 6% of total revenue. The Fortune survey found that 56% of American companies with personal computers use IBM PCs, compared with Apple's 16%. A 1983 study of corporate customers also found that two-thirds of large customers standardize on one PC choosing PC, compared with 9% for Apple. IBM's own documentation describes PCs as lower than cheaper competitor products, but companies generally do not compete in price; on the contrary, this study finds that they prefer "IBM hegemony" because of its support. Most companies with mainframes use their PCs with larger computers, which are likely to benefit IBM's mainframe sales and do not advocate the purchase of their non-IBM hardware.
In 1984, IBM introduced the PC/AT, unlike its predecessor the most sophisticated personal computer of any large company. In 1985, the PC family had more than doubled its 1986 Future Computing revenue estimate, with more than 12,000 applications and 4,500 dealers and distributors worldwide. In the news of his death that year, The New York Times wrote that Estridge had led "the extraordinary success of International Business Machines Corporation into the field of personal computers". The System Entry Division has 10,000 employees and will by itself become the world's third largest computer company behind IBM and DEC, with more revenue than IBM's minicomputer business though much slower. IBM is the only major company with significant mini and microcomputer business, partly because rivals such as DEC and Wang do not adapt to the retail market.
Rumors about "similar", compatible computers, created without IBM's approval, started immediately after the release of the IBM PC. Other manufacturers immediately engineer the BIOS to produce their own non-infringing functional copy. Columbia Data Products introduced the first IBM-PC compatible computer in June 1982. In November 1982, Compaq Computer Corporation announced Compaq Portable, the first IBM compatible portable PC. The first model was delivered in January 1983.
Maps IBM Personal Computer
IBM PC as default
The success of IBM computers led other companies to develop IBM Compatibles , which in turn led to branding like floppy disks advertised as "IBM format". IBM Clone PCs can be built with off-shelf parts, but BIOS requires some reverse engineering. Companies like Compaq, Phoenix Software Associates, American Megatrends, Awards, and others achieve a fully functional BIOS version, enabling companies like Dell, Gateway and HP to produce PCs that work like IBM products. IBM PC became the industry standard.
Third party distribution
Because IBM has no retail experience, the retail network ComputerLand and Sears Roebuck provide important knowledge about the market. They become the main outlet for new products. More than 190 Computerland stores already exist, while Sears is in the process of creating several in-store computer centers for the sale of new products. This guarantees IBM's widespread distribution across the United States.
Targeting a new PC in the home market, Sears Roebuck's sales failed to meet expectations. These unfavorable results reveal that office market targeting strategies are the key to higher sales.
Model
All of IBM's personal computers are backward compatible software with each other in general, but not every program will work on every machine. Some programs are sensitive to time at a certain speed class. Older programs will not take advantage of newer resolutions and higher color display standards, while some newer programs require newer display adapters. (Note that since the display adapter is an adapter card in all of these IBM models, newer display hardware can be easily, and often, attached to older models.) Some programs, usually very early ones, are written for and require a specific version of IBM PC BIOS ROM. In particular, BASICA that relies on BIOS ROM has a sister program called GW-BASIC that supports more functions, is 100% backward compatible and can run independently of ROM BIOS.
Original PC
CGA video card, with appropriate modulator, can use NTSC television or RGBi monitor for display; The IBM RGBi monitor is their 5153 display model. Another option offered by IBM is the MDA and monochrome display model 5151. It is possible to install MDA and CGA cards and use both monitors simultaneously if supported by the application program. For example, AutoCAD, Lotus 1-2-3, and others allow the use of CGA Monitors for separate graphics and monochrome monitors for text menus. Some 5150 PC models with CGA monitors and printer ports also include MDA adapters by default, as IBM provides the MDA port and printer port on the same adapter card; it is actually an MDA combo card/printer port.
Although the tape was originally envisaged by IBM as a low-cost storage alternative, the most commonly used medium is the floppy disk. The 5150 is available with one or two 5 / 4 "floppy drive - with two disk program drives (s ) will be on drive A, while drive B will hold the disk (s) for the working file, with one drive the user has to swap programs and disk files to a single drive For models without drives or storage media, IBM intends the user to connect the cassette recorder themselves via a 5150 cassette socket. The cassette socket is physically the same DIN connector as the keyboard socket and next to it, but electrically completely different.
The hard disk can not be mounted into a 5150 system unit without converting to a higher power supply (although later drives with lower power consumption have been known to work with standard 63.5 Watt units). "IBM 5161 Expansion Chassis" comes with its own power supply and a 10 MB hard disk and allows the installation of a second hard disk. The system unit has five expansion slots, and the expansion unit has eight; however, one slot of the system unit and one expansion slot unit must be occupied by the Extender Card and Receiver Card, which is required to connect the expansion unit to the system unit and make other slots of the expansion unit available for a total of 11 slots. A functioning configuration requires that multiple slots be occupied by displays, disks, and I/O adapters, since nothing is built into the 5150 motherboard; the only external motherboard connectors are keyboard and cassette ports.
Simple PC speaker sound hardware is also on board.
The original PC's maximum memory using IBM components is 256 kB, achievable through 64 kB installation on the motherboard and three 64 kB expansion cards. Processor is Intel 8088 running at 4.77 MHz, 4/3 frequency blast color NTSC standard 315/88Ã, = 3,579 54 MHz. (In the original unit, the Intel 8088 used was the 1978 version, then the 1978/81/2 version of the Intel chip; the second sourced AMD was used after 1983). Some owners replaced the 8088 with NEC V20 for a slight increase in processing speed and support for actual 80186 mode instructions. V20 gets its speed increase through the use of hardware multipliers that 8088 does not have. The Intel 8087 processor can also be added for floating-point hardware arithmetic.
IBM sold the first IBM PC in configurations with 16 or 64 kB of preinstalled RAM using nine or thirty-six 16-kilobit DRAM chips. (The ninth bit is used for memory parity checking.) In November 1982, the ROM for IBM PCs was changed to allow for the use of 64 Kbit chips (compared to the original 16 Kbit chip) - the same RAM configuration as the soon to be released IBM XT. (64 kB in one bank, expandable to 256kB by filling 3 other banks.)
Although TV-compatible video boards, the Class B's Federal Communications Commission's cassette port and certification are all aimed at making it a home computer, genuine PCs prove to be too expensive for the home market. At the introduction, a PC with 64 kB of RAM and a 5.25-inch floppy drive and monitor sold for US $ 3,005 (equivalent to $ 8,089 in 2017), while the cheapest configuration ( US $ 1.565 ) that does not have a floppy drive, only 16 kB of RAM, and no monitor (again, under the expectation that users will connect their TV sets and cassette recorders) proved too unattractive and low-spec, even for time (cf footnote to the IBM PC range table above). While the 5150 does not become the top selling home computer, floppy-based configuration became a huge unexpected success with business.
XT
"IBM Personal Computer XT", the IBM 5160 model, was introduced two years after the PC and featured a 10 megabyte hard drive. It has eight expansion slots but the same processor and clock speed as the PC. XT does not have a cassette jack, but still has a Cassette Basic interpreter in ROM.
XT can take 256 kB of memory on the main board (using 64bit DRAM); further models can be expanded up to 640 kB. The remaining 384 kilobytes of the 8088 address space (between 640 KB and 1 MB) are used for ROM BIOS, adapter ROM and RAM space, including video RAM space. It is usually sold with a video card Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) or CGA video card.
The eight expansion slots are the same as the 5150 model but are spaced closer. Although rare, cards designed for the 5150 can be wide enough to block adjacent slots in XT. Due to its distance, the XT motherboard will not match the case designed for PC motherboards, but the slots and peripheral cards are compatible. The XT expansion bus (later called "8-bit Standard Industrial Architecture" (ISA) by competitors) is maintained at IBM AT, which adds connectors for multiple slots to allow 16-bit transfers; An 8-bit card can be used in AT.
XT/370
"The IBM Personal Computer XT/370" is an XT with three special 8-bit cards: the processor card (370PC-P) contains a modified Motorola 68000 chip, microcoded to run the second System/370, 68000 instruction to handle bus arbitration and memory transfer, and 8087 modifications to mimic the floating point instruction S/370. The second card (370PC-M) is connected to the first memory and contains 512 kB. The third card (PC3277-EM), is the 3270 terminal emulator needed to install system software for VM/PC software to run the processor.
Computers boot to DOS, then run the VM/PC Control Program.
PCjr
The "IBM PCjr" was IBM's first attempt to tap into the relatively inexpensive personal computer education and home use market. The PCJr, IBM 4860 model number, maintains the IBM 8088 CPU and BIOS PC interface for compatibility, but the costs and differences in PCjr architecture, as well as other design and implementation decisions (primarily the use of "chiclet" keyboard, which is difficult to type), eventually leading to PCjr , and the associated IBM JX, became a commercial failure.
Portable
"IBM Personal Personal Computer" 5155 model 68 is an early portable computer developed by IBM after the success of Porta Compaq (Compaq Portable) portable luggage machine. It was released in February 1984, and was eventually replaced by IBM Convertible.
The portable is an XT motherboard, transplanted into a case that can be combined with Compaq. The system displays 256 kilobytes of memory (upgraded up to 512 KB), an additional CGA card connected to an internal monochrome composite monitor (amber), and one or two half-height 5.25 "360-KB floppy disk drives Unlike Compaq Portable, which uses dual-mode monitors and custom display cards, IBM uses stock CGA boards and composite monitors, which have lower resolutions, but can display color when connected to an external monitor or television.
AT
"IBM Personal Computer/AT" (model 5170), announced August 15, 1984, using the Intel 80286 processor, initially running at 6 MHz. It has a 16-bit ISA bus and a 20 MB hard drive. A faster model, runs at 8 MHz and sports 30-megabyte hard disks were introduced in 1986.
AT is designed to support multitasking; new, slightly overlooked and often overlooked SysRq (request system) keys, are part of this design, such as the 80286 itself, the first 16-bit Intel processor with multitasking feature (ie 80286 protected mode). IBM made some AT marketing efforts as a multi-user machine, but it was sold primarily as a faster PC for power users. For the most part, IBM PC/ATs are used as a stronger DOS (single-tasking) personal computer, in the literal sense of the PC name.
Initial PC/ATs are plagued with reliability issues, in part because some software and hardware are not compatible, but mostly related to the 20 MB internal hard disk, and High Density Floppy Disk Drive.
While some people blame IBM's hard disk drive card and others blame hard disk manufacturer Computer Memories Inc. (CMI), IBM's control card works well with other drives, including a 33-MB CMI model. The problem raises doubts about computers and, for the time being, even about the architecture of 286 in general, but after IBM replaced the 20 MB CMI drive, PC/AT proved to be reliable and became a lasting industry standard.
The AT IBM Drive parameters table noted that CMI-33 has 615 cylinders instead of 640 drives designed with, to make the size even 30 MB. Those who use back drives mostly find that the 616th cylinder is bad because it is used as a landing area. AT/370
"IBM Personal Computer AT/370" is AT with two special 16-bit cards, running almost exactly the same settings as XT/370.
Convertible
The IBM PC Convertible, released April 3, 1986, was IBM's first laptop computer and was also the first IBM computer to use a 3.5 "floppy disk that later became the standard.As with modern laptops, it features power management and the ability to run from batteries. follow-up to IBM Portable and model number 5140. Body concept and design made by German industrial designer Richard Sapper.
This used Intel 80c88 CPU (CMOS version of Intel 8088) running at 4.77 MHz, 256 kB RAM (expandable up to 640 kB), dual 720 kB 3.5 "floppy drive, and CGA-compatible monochrome LCD screen at the price of $ 2,000 Weighs  £ 13 (5.9 kg) and features a carry handle built-in.
PC Convertible has the capability of expanding through a proprietary ISA bus-based port on the back of the machine. Extension modules, including small printers and video output modules, can be installed in place. The machine can also use an internal modem, but there is no room for the internal hard disk.
Next IBM PS/2 Next Generation
The IBM PS/2 line was introduced in 1987. The model 30 at the bottom of the lineup is very similar to the previous model; it uses 8086 processor and ISA bus. Model 30 is not "IBM compatible" because it does not have a standard 5.25 inch drive space; it comes with a 3.5 inch floppy drive and an optional 3.5 inch hard disk. Most models in the PS/2 line go further than "IBM compatible" by replacing the ISA bus completely with Micro Channel Architecture. The MCA bus is not well received by the customer base for PCs, as it is owned by IBM. It's rarely implemented by any of the other compatible PC makers. Eventually IBM will abandon this architecture completely and return it to the standard ISA bus.
Technology
Electronics
The main circuit board on the PC is called the motherboard (IBM terminology calls it planar ). It mainly carries CPU and RAM, and has a bus with slots for expansion cards. On the motherboard there are also ROM subsystems, DMA and IRQ controllers, coprocessor sockets, voice circuits (PC speakers, tone generators), and keyboard interfaces. The original PC also has a cassette interface.
The bus used on the original PC became very popular, and was later named ISA. While it's popular, it's more commonly known as PC bus or XT-bus; the term ISA came later when industry leaders chose to continue building machines based on AT PC PC architecture rather than the PS/2 architecture license and IBM's Micro Channels bus. The XT-bus is then retroactively named 8-bit ISA or XT ISA , while the unqualified term ISA usually refers to 16-bit AT -bus (as defined better in the ISA specification). The AT-bus is an extension of the PC-/XT-bus and is in use today in industrial computers, where the speed is relatively low, the 5-volt signal, and the relatively simple and easy design (all by 2011 standards) technical (eg noise immunity for reliability).
Monitors and floppy disks or hard disk drives are connected to the motherboard via a cable connected to the adapter card and the graphics controller disk, respectively, installed in the expansion slot. Each expansion slot on the motherboard has a corresponding opening at the back of the computer case where the card can expose the connector; blank metal cover plates cover this cover (to prevent dust and flake intrusion and control airflow) when no expansion card is installed. Memory expansion beyond the amount that can be installed on the motherboard is also done with boards mounted in expansion slots, and I/O devices such as parallel, serial, or network ports are also installed as individual expansion boards. For this reason, it is easy to charge five PC expansion slots, or even eight XT slots, without even installing any special hardware. Companies like Quadram and AST discuss this with their popular multi-I/O card that combines multiple devices on a single adapter card that uses only one slot; Quadram offers QuadBoard and AST the SixPak.
Intel 8086 and 8088 based PCs require expanded memory (EMS) boards to work with more than 640 kB of memory. (Although 8088 can handle one megabyte of memory, the last 384 kB is used or reserved for BIOS ROM, ROM BASIC, additional ROM installed on adapter card, and memory address space used by the device including display adapter RAM and even 64-kB EMS the page frame itself.) The original IBM AT PCs using Intel 80286 processors can access up to 16 MB of memory (although standard DOS applications can not use more than one megabyte without the use of additional APIs). An Intel 80286-based computer running under OS/2 can work with maximum memory.
Peripheral integrated circuits
The collection of selected peripheral chips for the original IBM PC determines the functionality of compatible IBM. This becomes the de facto basis for further application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) used in compatible products.
The original system chip is an Intel 8259 programmable interrupt controller (PIC), an Intel 8275 (DMA) direct memory access controller (in I/O address 0x00 ), and Intel 8253 programmable interval timer (PIT) (in I/O address 0x40 ). PIT provides clock tick 18.2 Hz , dynamic memory refresh time, and can be used for speaker output; one DMA channel is used to perform a memory refresh.
The math coprocessor is Intel 8087 using the I/O 0xF0 address. This is an option for users who need broad floating-point arithmetic, such as computer-aided users.
IBM PC AT adds a second, slave 8259 PIC (in I/O address 0xA0 ), second DMA 8237 for DMA 16-bit (in I/O address 0xC0 ), DMA address registers (implemented with IC 74LS612) (in I/O address 0x80 ), and Motorola MC146818 real-time clock (RTC) with nonvolatile memory (NVRAM) used for system configuration (replacing DIP switch and jumper is used for this purpose in PC and PC/XT model (in I/O address 0x70 ).In the expansion card, Intel 8255 programmed interface peripherals (PPI) (in I/O address 0x378 is used for parallel I/O control of the printer, and 8250 universal asynchronous/transmit receivers (UART) (I/O address 0x3F8 or 0x3E8 ) control communications serial on port (pseudo-) RS-232.
Port Joystick
IBM offers the Game Controller Adapter for PCs, which supports analog joysticks similar to those on the Apple II. Although analog controls prove to be lower for arcade style games, they are assets in certain other genres such as flight simulators. The joystick port on the IBM PC supports two controllers, but it takes the Y-splitter cable to connect both at once. It remained the standard joystick interface on IBM compatibles until it was replaced by USB during the 2000s.
Keyboard
The keyboard that comes with the IBM 5150 is a highly reliable and high quality electronic keyboard originally developed in North Carolina for Datamaster. Each key is rated reliable for more than 100 million keystrokes. For an IBM PC, a separate keyboard housing is designed with a new usability feature that lets users customize the keyboard angle for personal convenience. Compared to other small computer keyboards at the time, the IBM PC keyboard was far superior and played an important role in building a high quality impression. For example, an adjustable keyboard industry design, together with a system unit, is recognized with major design awards. Byte magazine in the fall of 1981 went so far as to state that the keyboard is 50% of the reason for buying an IBM PC. The importance of the keyboard is really determined when the IBM 1983 PCs fail, in a very large part because it has a much different and mediocre Chiclet keyboard that makes a bad impression on the customers. Surprisingly, the same thing almost happened on the original IBM PC when in early 1981 management was seriously considering replacing the keyboard with cheaper and lower quality. This error was barely avoided at the suggestion of one of the original development engineers.
Another feature of the original keyboard is the relatively loud "click" sound of each key created when pressed. Because typewriter users get used to their eyes on the hardcopy they type and start relying on mechanical sounds that are created every typed character
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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